Essay on Quality Assurance for Biological Products

A biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease is known as a vaccine. A vaccine contains an agent that would stimulate the body’s immune system. The immune system will recognize the agent as â€Å"foreign† and destroy it, once destroyed, the body will keep a record of it so the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters. The agent in the vaccine, resembling a disease-causing microorganism, is often made from a weakened or killed form of the microbe, toxin, or one of its surface proteins (6). Vaccines have no guarantee that it will bring complete protection for a disease. This is mainly because the host’s immune system simply does not respond enough, if not at†¦show more content†¦Once detected, the next step would be to prepare the vaccine strain so that the virus will be adapted for use in manufacturing vaccine. The vaccine virus is mixed with a standard laboratory vi rus strain and grown together in order make the virus less dangerous and better able to grow in hen’s eggs. In about three weeks, a hybrid is formed where the inner component is the laboratory strain, and the outer component is the pandemic strain. Once completed, the vaccine strain is distributed to vaccine manufacturers. The manufacturers will inject the vaccine virus into thousands of eggs, eggs are incubated for two to three days during which the virus multiplies. The egg white, which now contains millions of vaccine virus, is then harvested, and the virus is then separated from the egg white (7). Producing each batch, or lot, of antigen takes approximately two weeks, and a new batch can be started every few days. The next step would be the quality control, and this can only begin once the reagents for testing the vaccine are supplied by WHO laboratories. Quality control will test each batch and verify the sterility the bulk antigen. Then the batch is diluted, packaged, l abeled, and shipped out. So that this production of vaccine in terms of manufacturing runs smoothly and effectively, the WHO publishes a document on the general requirements for manufacturing establishments and control laboratories in 1966. The aim of the document published by WHO is to provideShow MoreRelatedQuality Assurance : The Act Of Giving Confidence1655 Words   |  7 PagesThe phrases â€Å"quality assurance† and â€Å"quality control† are frequently used interchangeably to refer to methods of ensuring the quality of a service or product. These phrases, however, have different meanings. â€Å"ï » ¿ Assurance: The act of giving confidence, the state of being certain or the act of making certain. Quality Assurance: The planned and systematic activities implemented in a quality system so that quality requirements for a product or service will be fulfilled. Control: An evaluation to indicateRead MoreProduction Line ( Oral Liquids ) Essay1734 Words   |  7 Pagesas elixirs were also known, they were prepared by the ingredient soaking in spirit then straining the product, elixirs were thicker and stronger than tinctures. Drug discovery in the past was based on observation while there are different advanced tools that enable further studies and investigations till knew drugs are formed. Packaging was in the past in glass bottles closed with cork. Products: Trade Name Generic Name Type Use Mode of administer. MARVIT Palmitate,Ascorbic acid,VitaminRead MoreFood Safety: Cube-Sized Foods for Space Flights Essay911 Words   |  4 Pages HACCP is a management system in which food safety is addressed through the analysis and control of biological, chemical, and physical hazards from raw material production, procurement and handling, to manufacturing, distribution and consumption of the finished product (FDA, 2014). In 1959, Pillsbury Company joined NASA as contractor and began working on cube-sized foods for space flights (Sperber, 2009). There were problems producing foods that would not deteriorate in space and provide the necessaryRead MoreOutline Of A And Bound Water On The Molecular And Cellular Interactions Of Peg Modified Drugs1544 Words   |  7 PagesReference: Parag Kohle et al, Sterile Product Development: Formulation, Process, Quality and Regulatory Considerations http://www.bioprocessintl.com/upstream-processing/biochemicals-raw-materials/pegylation-of-biologics-340623/#CIT0015 Question 2: (Dr. Zhou) 5 marks Briefly describe the important processes in lyophilization and what are the main objectives of â€Å"freezing step†? Lyophilization is the process of removing water and/or solvents from a product by the method of sublimation andRead MoreProject Charter Example1602 Words   |  7 Pageslog-in, reporting analytical results, billing, and other related operations. | |Purpose/ Business Need: |As a result of the increased use of various high throughput technologies in virtually all areas of biological research, | | |sophisticated software is needed to help research and diagnostic laboratories manage, analyze, and organize complex data. In | | |addition, core technology facilitiesRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Medical Industry956 Words   |  4 PagesMedical product in general could be a life-threatening if it is not made in a perfect environment. The philosophy of medical industry depends on the efficacy of the product and it’s effect directly to the human body. Accordingly, the governments, stakeholders, scientists and all people who are involved to the industry field needs a road map to guide them for a product without fault or adverse events might happen which resulting from the inadvertent errors. Therefore, the idea of quality has beenRead MoreFood Protection Pl Essential For Food Safety1319 Words   |  6 Pagesconditions and hygienic practices. It is imperative that food manufacturers, processors, distributors, and all food related stakeholders develop a food protection plan to safe guard themselves from lawsuits and to be able to show that their food products are safe for human consum ption. It is the duty of the state to develop their own food safety plans and work together with all food related stakeholders to ensure compliance. Key words: food protection plan, food safety, health and safety. Introduction:Read MoreInteractive Organ And Tissue Printing975 Words   |  4 Pages2014) Bioprinted heart valve 3dprint.com Challenges with Integration of 3D Biomaterials into Electronic Health Record (EHR) Materials likely fall under biological drugs (Sinha Gunjan, 2014) Systems need to further evolve Systems must capture administration of biomaterials Unique barcodes to scan biological materials Connects administered product to patient?s EHR (ENGELBERG CENTER, 2013) Challenges with Integration of 3D Biomaterials into Electronic Health Record (EHR) Cont.? Tracking of adverseRead MoreFood Contamination Caused By Microorganisms1364 Words   |  6 Pagesindustries for the control of food safety hazards. HACCP is a preventative approach to food safety and designs measurements to reduce risks to a safe level. This facilitates the move towards a preventative quality assurance approach within a food business and reduces the traditional reliance on end-product inspection and testing. There are seven principles of HACCP that need to be used and implemented in any food industry throughout the world. †¢ Conduct a hazard analysis †¢ Identify critical control pointsRead MoreShould Fda Promote More Process Analytical Technology And Quality By Design Approaches For More Successful Impact On Manufacturers 1477 Words   |  6 PagesProcess Analytical Technology and Quality by Design approaches for more successful impact on manufacturers’ ability to maintain consistent quality? The Process analytical technology (PAT) and Quality by design (QbD) approaches are used to create quality in a product. Each approach offers manufacturers the framework to create consistent quality and potential to increase efficiency in the production of a drug product. The two approaches offer some key issues: increased product knowledge and understanding

Taxability on Sale of Agricultural Land - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2226 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Taxability on sale of Agricultural Land How to determine whether a land is agricultural land or not? Æ’Ëœ Agriculture income and sale of Agricultural Land Considering the effect of combined reading of the section 2 (1A) and 2 (14), the High Court has observed that capital gains arising from sale of land used for agricultural purposes would be revenue derived from such land and therefore, agricultural income within the definition under section 2 (1A) with the result that the parliament would have no competence to tax such agricultural income. On appeal, the Supreme Court held, reversing the High Court decision, that the retrospective insertion of the explanation to section 2 (1A), with effect from 1/4/1970 had superseded the view of the High Court and the declaratory retrospective amendment would apply during the pendency of this appeal.[1] In view of the said explanation, income arising from the lands referred to in clause (a) and clause (b) of Section 2 (14) (iii) could not be treated as agricultural income. Thus, the income derived from sale of such agricultural lands could not be treated as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"agricultural income.à ¢Ã ¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[2] Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Taxability on Sale of Agricultural Land" essay for you Create order Æ’Ëœ The definition of Capital Asset and Agricultural Land Section 2 (14) defines capital asset. Section 2 (14) (iii)[3] defines agricultural land. Agricultural Land prescribed in provision (a) and (b) of section 2 (14) (iii) are to be considered as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Capital Assetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and inevitably the capital gain coming out of transfer of such land would be taxable. Therefore, capital asset comprised of lands situated within municipality or cantonment having a population of not less than ten thousand according to relevant census.[4] Just as agricultural income is exempt from tax under section 10 (1), capital gain arising from the transfer of agriculture land in India was exempt from tax in all the cases prior to 1970. However, this sub clause was amended by the Finance Act, 1970 with effect from the assessment year situate in the urban and semi-urban areas specified in the sub-clause or in their vicinity notified by the Central Government. At the same time clause (viii) was inserted in section 47 to exempt from capital gai ns tax any transfer of agricultural land in India affected before 1970, March 1.[5] Punjab and Hariyana High Court has held that by the 1970m amendment of section 2 (14) (iii), certain specified field lands situated in urban areas or semi-urban areas were brought within the definition of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"capital assetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Hence, Capital Gains arising on sale of such agricultural lands were liable to be taxed under section 45.[6] Exemptions: Æ’Ëœ Applicability of Section 10 (37):- If the below mentioned conditions are satisfied then Section 10 (37) would be applicable and sale of agricultural land would be exempted from tax under the head Capital Gains. The Assessee is an Individual or a Hindu Undivided family. He or It owns an agricultural land situated in urban area mentioned in Section 2 (14) (iii) (a) or (b). There is a transfer of the agricultural land by way of compulsory acquisition or the consideration for the transfer is approved or determined by the Central Government (not by a State Government) or RBI. The Agriculture land was used by the assessee (and/or his parents if the land was owned by an individual) for agriculture purpose during 2 years immediately prior to the date of transfer. The asset may be long term capital asset or short term capital asset. Capital gain arises from compensation (and/ or additional compensation) or consideration which is received by the assessee after March 31, 2004.[7] Æ’Ëœ Applicability of Section 54B:- (Exemption) Who can claim the exemption: Only an Individual is eligible to claim exemption under this section.[8] A Hindu Undivided Family cannot claim exemption under section 54B.[9] Which specific asset is eligible for exemption: Any short term or long term capital asset (being agricultural land), if it was used by the individual (or his parents) or by Hindu Undivided Family, for agricultural purposes at least 2 years immediately before the transfer. Which asset the taxpayer should acquire to get the benefit of the exemption: Agricultural land (may be in rural area or urban area).[10] What is the time limit of acquiring the new asset: within 2 years from the date of the transfer.[11] How much is exempt: investment in the new asset or capital gain, whichever is lower Is it possible to revoke the exemption: if the new asset is sold within 3 years of its acquisition, exemption will be taken back. For calculating capital gain n transfer of new asset, cost of acquisition will be calculated.[12] Æ’Ëœ The subjective test to determine agricultural land is taxable or not The expression à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"agricultural landà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is not defined either in constitution or in the Income Tax Act. it, therefore, must be given the meaning which it ordinarily bears in English language and as understood as common parlance.[13] What really needs to be shown is the connection with the agricultural purpose and user, and not the mere possibility of the user of the land, by some possible future owner. It is not the mere potentiality, but the actual condition and intended user. The intention of the owner has to be shown related to intended agricultural use.[14] Gujrat High Court gave numerous tests in this aspect: Whether the land was classified in the revenue record as agricultural and whether it was subject to the payment of land revenue? Whether the land was actually or ordinarily used for agricultural purposes at or about relevant time? Whether, such user of the land was for a long period or whether it was of a temporary character or by way of a stopgap arrangement? Whether the income derived from the agricultural operations carried on in the land bore any rational proportion to the investment made in purchasing the land? Whether the land on the relevant date had ceased to be put to agricultural use? If so, whether it was put to an alternative use? Whether the cesser or the alternative user was of permanent or temporary nature? Whether the land, though entered in revenue record, had never been actually used for agriculture, that is, it had never been ploughed or tilled? Whether the owner meant or intended to use it for agricultural purposes? Whether the land was situated in a developed area? Whether its physical characteristics, surrounding situation and use of the lands in adjoining area were such as would indicate that the land was agricultural? Whether the land itself was developed by plotting and providing roads and other facilities? Whether there were any previous sales of portions of the land for non-agricultural use? Whether an agriculturalist would purchase the land for agricultural purposes at the price at which the land was sold and whether the owner would have sold the land valuing it as a property yielding agricultural produce on the basis of its yield?[15] Other tests are: Classification and assessment of the land to land revenue; Whether agricultural operations are carried on; Intention of the owner [a temporary user of the land either for agricultural or non-agricultural purpose is not important, the real intention of the owner is to be ascertained]; Character of the adjoining lands. If the character of the adjoining lands are agricultural then the presumption would be in favour of holding that the land is in question was also an agricultural land.[16] In the above case, it was also suggested that the application of one or more criteria by itself will not be a safe guide for determination of the question. It will depend upon all the facts and circumstances of the case and an overall view of the situation pertaining to the land in question.[17] The mere presence of the trees on the land will not make it agricultural, especially when it is situated in the heart of the town and is surrounded by residential buildings. The question whether a land is agricultural or not, does not only depend upon the intention of the owner to use the land or on the fluctuating or ambulatory intention of the owner. The criterion must be more definite and more objective, something related to the nature and character of the land. On the facts of the case, the Tribunal was held justified in holding that the land in question was not an agricultural land.[18] Æ’Ëœ Burden of proof The burden of proof that a particular area is an agricultural land and does not fall within the contours of Section 2 (14) (iii) (a) / (b) is on the assessee.[19] The assessee must prove that the land in question was an agricultural land at the time of transfer.[20] Where the assessee has produced cogent evidence to support his contention that the land concerned was agricultural land and the department wants to controvert the contention then the department has to lead convincing evidence on this point.[21] Where an agricultural land was sold for non-agricultural purposes and the permission for the non-agricultural use was granted to the purchaser a couple of months after the purchase and the purchases had paid potential non-agriculture value of the land. The Gujrat High Court held that the presumption was that the land was of agricultural nature. Hence there was o capital gain.[22] Æ’Ëœ Presumption of agricultural land Once the assessee establishes that the land in question was continuously used for the agricultural purposes, a prima facie presumption arising from such user is that that the land in question continues to be agricultural land. The price paid or received and/or the situations of the particular land in a well developed area do not displace that presumption. The presumption can only be rebutted by showing that the land was not an agricultural land and the current agricultural user of the land was a stop-gap arrangement pending some other user.[23] If the agricultural operations are carried on on any land when land is transferred, and further, if the entries in the revenue records show that the land is agricultural land, then a presumption arises that the land is agricultural in character. Now unless that presumption is rebutted by evidence led by revenue, it must be held that the land was agricultural in nature at the time when it was transferred.[24] Where the area surrounding the land in question was developed as housing colonies and agricultural operations were stopped on that land, it was held that the resumption of agricultural operations on the land could not make the land agricultural land and hence, the land in question was non-agricultural land.[25] Where a land (i) situated within Municipal Limits, (ii) included in a proposed town planning scheme, (iii) and allowed to be sold for residential purposes, but (a) since its purchase in 1939 till its sale in 1967, the land was cultivated with the aid of tractor for agricultural purposes and (b) there was no regular road to the land. It was held that the land in question was an agricultural land and the potential non-agricultural value attached to the land could not interfere with its agricultural character at the time of sale. Therefore, the land was held to be agricultural in nature and character. Hence, no capital gain would be leviable.[26] Æ’Ëœ Forest lands à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" whether agricultural Forest lands covered by trees of spontaneous growth cannot be termed as agricultural lands unless there is some evidence to show that such land had been, in some way, set apart or earmarked for or linked up with an agricultural purpose by its owners or occupiers.[27] In another case, the assessee was the owner of the rubber plantations, purchased some forest lands for extending its plantations. Subsequently, the part of the land was sold. The Tribunal observed that the assessee used the land merely to extract timber and had not planted any trees. The tribunal held that the land was not an agricultural land.[28] Æ’Ëœ Trees on agricultural land do not form part of land The principle that what is attached to land belongs to land is not applicable to India.[29] Thus, trees which stand on agricultural land are not part of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“agricultural land in Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  within the meaning of Section 2 (14) (iii). These are capital assets and profits arising from their sale are assessable as capital gains and do not constitute agricultural income.[30] [1] 1 K B Bhatnagar, Direct Tax Digest (1922-2011), (9th ed. 2011) 155 [2] Union of India v. S. Muthayam Reddy, (1999) 240 ITR 341 (SC) [3] Income Tax Act, 1961 [4] Singhai v. UOI, 247 ITR 150 (SC) [5] 1 Kanga Palkhivala, The Law and Practice of Income tax, (10 ed. 2014) p. 86 [6] CIT v. Shiv Chand Satnam Paul, (1998) 231 ITR 663 (PH) [7] Dr. Vinod K. Singhania Dr. Monica Singhania, Studentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Guide to Income Tax, (50th ed. 2014-15) 403 [8] Darapeni Chenna Krishnayya v. CIT, (2007) 291 ITR 98, 104 (AP) [9] CIT v. Deverajulu, (1992) Tax LR 791 [10] 2 K B Bhatnagar, Direct Tax Digest (1922-2011), (9th ed. 2011) 3084 [11] Jai Narayan v. ITO, (2008) 306 ITR 335, 339 (Punj) [12] Section 54B, Dr. Vinod K. Singhania Dr. Monica Singhania, Studentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Guide to Income Tax, (50th ed. 2014-15) 444 [13] 1 K B Bhatnagar, Direct Tax Digest (1922-2011), (9th ed. 2011) 275 [14] CWT v. Officere in Charge (Court of wards) (197 6) 105 ITR 133 [15] CIT v. Siddharth J. Desai, (1983) 139 ITR 628, 638-39 (Guj) [16] Addl. CIT v. Tarachand Jain, (1980) 123 ITR 567 (Pat) [17] id [18] Syed Rafiqur Rahman v. CWT, (1970) 75 ITR 318 (Pat) [19] CED v. V. Venugopal Verma Rajah, (1976) 105 ITR 593s [20] Kalpetta Estates Ltd. v. CIT, (1990) 185 ITR 318, 322 (Ker) [21] CWT v. Officer in Charge, (1976) 105 ITR 133 [22] Maganlal Morarbhai v. CIT, (1979) 118 ITR 224 (Gu)j [23] Gemini Pictures Circuit p. Ltd. v. CIT, (1981) 130 ITR 686 (Mad) [24] Motibhai D. Patel v. CIT, (1981) 127 ITR 671, 675 (Guj) [25] Yashwanti R. Bhatt v. CWT, (1978) 114 ITR 318 (Guj) [26] CIT v. Manilal Somnath, (1977) 106 ITR 917 (Guj) [27] CED v. V. Venugopal Verma Rajah, (1976) 105 ITR 593, 599 (SC) [28] Kalpetta Estates Ltd. v. CIT, (1990) 185 ITR 318 [29] Vallbhadas Narainji v. Development Officer, AIR 1929 PC 163 [30] Travencore tea estate co. ltd. v. CIT, (1974) 93 ITR 314 (Ker)

Commonly Confused Words Baited and Bated

The words baited and bated are homophones: they sound alike but have different meanings. Definitions Baited is the past form of the verb bait, which means to tease, harass, or put food (or bait) in a trap. A hook, witness, or animal is baited (lured, enticed, tempted). The word bated is a clipped form of the past tense of the verb abate, which means to reduce or restrain. Breath is bated. Also see the usage notes below. Examples It’s always easiest to catch birds with baited traps at times of the year when there is little food available.To those waiting with bated breath for that favorite media catch phrase, the U-turn, I have only one thing to say: You turn if you want to—the ladys not for turning.(British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, 1980) Usage Notes The word baited is sometimes incorrectly substituted for the etymologically correct but unfamiliar word bated (abated; suspended) in the expression bated breath.(The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed., 2000)Whats the basis of bated, which we never hear in the present tense? It is a clip of abate, from the Old French abattre, to beat down, and now it means to moderate, subside, reduce, ebb. In connection with breathing, it means shorten or hold. When you abate your breath, you hold it in anticipation of some breathtaking event.The coiner was Shakespeare in his 1596 Merchant of Venice, in which Shylock says to Antonio, Shall I bend low and in a bondmans key,/With bated breath and whispering humbleness,/Say this:/Fair sir, you spit on me on Wednesday last?(William Safire, Bated Breath. The New York Times, May 5, 2002) Practice (a) Im hoping with crossed fingers and _____ breath that gas prices will soon go down.(b)  Holding a  line with a _____ hook,  I stood on rocks in the waist-deep water. Answers to Practice Exercises Glossary of Usage: Index of Commonly Confused Words200 Homonyms, Homophones, and Homographs​ Answers to Practice Exercises: Baited and Bated (a) Im hoping with crossed fingers and bated breath that gas prices will soon go down.(b)  Holding a  line with a baited hook,  I stood on rocks in the  waist-deep water. Glossary of Usage: Index of Commonly Confused Words

United States Flag Essay - 1795 Words

The very first flag for the United States to have was the Grand Union Flag, in the years 1775-1777. The design of this flag was thirteen red and white stripes, with the red cross of St. Georgia, England along with the white cross of St. Andrew, Scotland in a blue field. The final split between the between the colonies and Great Britain brought the removal of the British Union from our flag. Shortly after came the stars on a blue field. By June 14, 1777 the Flag Resolution was passed, which is now known as Flag Day. Which basically said that the United States flag had to have thirteen stripes being red and white; that the union have 13 stars that are white with a blue field. Then, came Francis Hopkinsons design of the United States Flag.†¦show more content†¦They thought that the stars were taken from the sky, the red was influenced from the British colors, and the white demonstrated withdrawing from the home country. As for the book â€Å"Our Flag† the white means pu rity and innocence, red means hardiness and valour, and blue means vigilance, perseverance, and justice. The design of the flag however does have a meaning. The stars symbolize the heavens. Having fifty of the stars, represents the fifty states of the United States today. The stripes symbolize the rays of sunlight radiating from the sun. Having thirteen of the stripes, represents the thirteen colonies that proclaimed independence for Great Britain to form the United States. However, the United States has had many different designs of the flag. With more states being added, it would be difficult to not create new flag designs. In the year 1795 Vermont and Kentucky were added, which caused the stars and stripes to raise to 15 instead of 13. In the years 1796 through 1817 the states Tennessee, Ohio, Louisiana, Indiana, and Mississippi joined the United States. Then the Act of April 4, 1818 called for 13 stripes and a star for each state. December in the year 1818 Illinois joined, which added another star to the flag. In 1819 and 1820 two states were added, adding two more stars. In August 1821 Missouri joined, adding another star. In the year 1836 Arkansas joined. In 1837 Michigan joined. In 1845 Florida and Texas joined. InShow MoreRelatedThe Flag Of The United States903 Words   |  4 PagesThe flag of the United States is our national symbol and our most important symbol of all; it symbolizes our nation’s strength and pride. Due to its high values and symbolism, by  1932, forty-eight states had adopted the flag desecration laws to legally protect and restrict desecration of the flag of the United States. However, these  flag desecration laws only lasted until 1989, because  in 1989, in the Texas v Johnson case,  the United States Supreme Court recognized that flag desecration as a formRead MoreDesecration Of The United States Flag1821 Words   |  8 Pagesdisrespect the flag, than to allow the government to repress our birth rights by banning desecration of the flag. Deemed offensive by many citizens, and a form of symbolic speech by others, the constitutionality of flag desecration has been in question since the late 1800s. Desecration of the United States flag is constitutional, as a form of symbolic speech and protected under the First Amendment, even though many citizens do find it offensive. The flag has been a symbol for the United States for decadesRead MoreBurning The United States Flag1014 Words   |  5 PagesBurning the United States Flag Through the years of America, there have been multiple accounts of flag desecration. Flag desecration is a term that is used to describe a various set of acts that intentionally destroy, damage, or mutilate a flag in public, and in this case, the American flag. Citizen’s typically doing this treasonous act when they want to make a political point against their country or policies in the country or another country. Some of these actions include: burning it, urinatingRead MoreThe Flag Resolution Act Of The United States1623 Words   |  7 Pages14, 1787, The Second Continental Congress passed the Flag Resolution Act that states: That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation.†(Cite) Flag Day is observed on every June 14 for the sacred symbol of the United States of America of what is the Flag. As each star increased on the flag, turmoil on how the flag should or should not be treated also grew. Many americansRead MoreIs The Flag Of The United States Of America Considered Patriotic?1135 Words   |  5 PagesCould disrespecting the flag of the United States of America considered patriotic? It all depends on the scenario. In the article â€Å"Patriotism† by Igor Primoratz, he mentions the philosophical study conducted by Stephen Nathanson, who states patriotism is defined as â€Å"Special affection for one’s country†, â€Å"Special concern for the well-being of the country†, and â€Å"Willingness to sacrifice to promote the country’s good.† These properties can be seen through a number of different scenarios–including protestsRead MoreTo Pledge or Not to Pledge---Is That the Question? Essay580 Words   |  3 Pagescontend it is important to clarify the blurred lines the Pledge of Allegiance presents. Is the pledge just one of many segments of the stem of patriotism, or is it really a public prayer? According to James A. Moss, an authority on the American flag and its history on the website, americanflagfoundation.org, the Pledge of Allegiance was first given national publicity through the official program of the National Public School Celebration of Columbus Day in October 1892 (Moss 2006). Ironically,Read More Calvary Crossing A Ford Essay516 Words   |  3 Pageselements such as the speaker’s tone and Whitman’s presentation of detail bring to light a deeper revelation; the Yankees are coming home. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The speaker’s diction is not only sensory but also aesthetically so. He speaks of flags that, â€Å"flutter gayly in the wind,† and rivers of a â€Å"silvery† hew. The speaker’s personal image of the horseman is one of admiration as he sees, â€Å"each group, each person a picture.† With the inclusion of onomatopoeia’s such as the â€Å"musical clank† ofRead MoreThe American Flag Essay1176 Words   |  5 Pagesthe American flag, what is the first thing that pops into your head? Is it a war? A relative? A political leader? What? For me, I usually think of the Star Spangled Banner. I grew up on a military base in Germany. If the flag were being raised or lowered, you would see soldiers, and even civilians, standing at attention, saluting the flag. In a parade, as the flag was being carried in front by one of the brigades, everyone held his or her hand over his or her heart as the flag passed thatRead Mor e Legendary Betsy Ross and the American Flag Essay1148 Words   |  5 PagesLegendary Betsy Ross and the American Flag The American flag has long been a symbol of our country, but there have been certain doubts about its origin. No one really knows who sewed the American flag. The legend of Betsy Ross has been told many times, but some people look upon it as a myth, saying Betsy Ross never even existed. Betsy Ross was indeed a real person who lived in the 1700s, but no one can prove she actually sewed the American Flag. Betsy Ross did not have an extremely interestingRead MoreSpeech On Appropriate Behavior And Actions For Social Change Essay1403 Words   |  6 Pages(O’Connell 111) He used his platform to speak about what he and others around him feel and that is very similar to what Colin Kaepernick is doing when he refuses to stand in honor of The National Anthem. ‘I am not going to stand up to show pride in a flag for a country that oppresses black people and people of color, Kaepernick told NFL Media in an exclusive interview after the game. To me, this is bigger than football and it would be selfish on my part to look the other way. There are bodies in the

How Technology Has Changed Our Lives. Free Essays

{draw:rect} MODERN AGE (1950-1985) After the Second World War Americans began to prosper, millions of people were changing. The troops that were returning from war some 12 million served during the war years were going back in the workforce. Most of these men were mere children when they signed on, some from rural America that never returned to work the earth. We will write a custom essay sample on How Technology Has Changed Our Lives. or any similar topic only for you Order Now Farming technology was being made to counter act this problem. So much so that at the turn of the twentieth century 50 percent of the workforce was on farms that provided the nation’s food. By the end of the 1950’s only 7 percent of the workforce was working the nation’s farms. Hourly wages for selected industries, United States, 1950 1901 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. $ 0. 23 1918 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. .53 1935 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. .58 1950 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1. 59 SOURCE: U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Expenditure Survey Manufacturing. (Bureau of Labor Statistics) Yale Brozen writes â€Å"Fear of automation can be traced to four sources. † One is based on the assumption that there is a fixed amount of goods. The second source of fear springs from the idea that automation or cybernation is something more than the latest stage in the long evolution of technology. The third source of fear lies in the fact that we are much more aware of the people displaced by automation and concerned about them than we are of the other unemployed. Even while we reduce the amount of manpower needed to do a fixed amount of work does that fixed amount of work remain the same? As we all know this is not the case. As we free up manpower from one aspect we find new and productive uses for that manpower. His words speak the truth then as they do today. It saves lives through the aid it gives doctors. By controlling traffic signals in response to traffic flows and reducing traffic congestion, it adds hours to the free time of commuters every week. It helps scientists, with the aid of high speed data processing; to develop new knowledge that otherwise would not be available in our lifetimes. We are increasing the sc ale of educational activities because mechanization, automation, cybernation, or whatever we choose to call our new technology, makes it possible to do more than we could formerly. With the coming of automation, men are able to do more and have more. Both sublime and mundane activities are being enlarged and the number of jobs has grown as a consequence, not declined. † (Brozen) The second source of fear that the latest idea of automation or technology will become something more then what it was intended to be. People were so obsessed with what the future would hold books and movies were made to cast this fear. Science fiction was used to depict future events that could occur. Films such as one that was released in 1968 2001: A Space Odyssey where an artificially intelligent supercomputer, HAL takes over a space mission. Today some super computers are in use, are they anyway near being HAL? Some say we are getting close to true artificial intelligence, but we are far from HAL. The forth source of fear of automation is that it reduces the demand for unskilled workers. This may be true in some instances but at the same time the demand for skilled workers will increase. As stated previously companies do their best to keep their employees. When possible they are retraining these employees to fill new jobs that become available because of the new technology. If this were true then the unemployment rate would raise proportionately. If automation is added to a process and did the work of five people then five people would be unemployed. We know that this does not make sense. It has increased productivity to the process not that it reduced people from the process. NEW WAVE (1985-Present) The year 1985 saw more technological changes, Windows 1. 0 is introduced here you can do more than just one DOS application at a time. Made by this little upstart IBM partner company called Microsoft, it even comes with a calculator program. Some other wonders of 1985 is the first compact disk read only memory (CD-ROM) of none other than a Grolier Encyclopedia. Apple was the big name in computers at the time and most businesses had one. To be up to date in the office the new Apple LaserWriter printer was the best and it only cost around $7000. The main reason we call 1985 the New Wave era is this, the first . Com domain name, symbolics. com, is registered by the Symbolics Corporation. (The People History) According to David Huether, chief economist of the National Association of Manufacturers, U. S. manufacturers are producing and exporting more goods than ever before. While manufacturing output easily outpaces the larger U. S. economy, manufacturing employment, at 14. million, is at its lowest level in more than 50 years. (Williams) Another place that has felt the effects of technology is in the office, or white collar jobs. Michael J. Handel writes in a brief for SRI International: â€Å"Analyses of national data indicate that increased use of computers in the 1980s and 1990s was associated with greater use of more-educated workers withi n industries. However, the direction of causality is unclear. It may be that both educational upgrading and greater computer use simply reflect an independent increase in the number of white collar workers within industries, who are the most frequent computer users. It may be that the hiring of more-educated workers, usually office workers, stimulates demand for computers rather than vice versa. In addition, the industries upgrading their educational levels coincident with adoption of computers in the 1980s and 1990s also appear to have been upgrading educational levels before the widespread diffusion of computers. † (Handel) There are many ways to make a job better, faster, and safer. Every dayI see improvements to the work floor. There are many facets of the business that help with these improvements. Some of which are our Product Development Teams (PDT) that will follow the work to see if anything can be changed. They work closely with our Research and Development (RD) operations. These two areas have grown by 1000% in the last twenty years. Another area that has greatly grown is our engineering staff and related personal. In 1996 the skilled trades had two engineers to take all our requests to. We now have engineers for facilities, electricians, repairmen, mobile equipment, power house, and toolmakers. In all we have become more effective and more efficient in how we do our business of repairing the machinery in the factory. Everyone can be affected by technology no job is completely that same as it was in years past. Studies have been made to classify a job for automation. They are based on three dimensions, Receptiveness Stability Structuredness Some jobs are changing constantly, I have seen toll booth operations change here in Illinois just over the last two years. The new faster E-Z pass lanes going into Chicago for one. I asked one of the booth operators how they liked them, one told me that it was all good. Their day is less stressful and they have hired more people in the toll way system. More people to monitor and maintain the equipment and make sure those that did not pay get those little notices in the mail. WORKS CITED Baughman, James L. â€Å"Television Comes to America, 1947-57. † Editorial. Illinois Periodicals Online (IPO) Project. N. p. , Mar. 1993. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www. lib. niu. edu/1993/ ihy930341. html. Bland Jr. , Gordon R. â€Å"The Effects of Job Automation on the Economy. † Scribd. N. p. , 4 Mar. 2009. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www. scribd. com/doc/12965589/The-Effects-of-Job-Automation-on-the-Economy. Bureau of Labor Statistics. â€Å"100 Years of U. S. Consumer Spending: Data for the Nation, New York City, and Boston. † United States Department of Labor. N. p. , 3 Aug. 2006. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www. bls. gov/opub/uscs/1950. pdf. Brozen, Yale. â€Å"Automation: The Retreating Catastrophe. † Ludwig von Mises Institute. N. p. , n. d. http://mises. org/journals/lar/pdfs/2_3/2_3_5. pdf. Rpt. in Automation: The Retreating Catastrophe. N. p. : n. p. , n. d. N. pag. Ludwig von Mises Institute. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://mises. org/. Handel, Michael J. SRI Project Number P10168. SRI International, July 2003. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www. sri. om/policy/csted/reports/sandt/it/Handel_IT_Employment_InfoBrief. pdf. Huether, David. â€Å"The Case of The Missing Jobs. † BusinessWeek. N. p. , 3 Apr. 2006. http://www. businessweek. com/magazine/content/06_14/b3978116. htm. Rpt. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www. businessweek. com/magazine/content/06_14/b3978116. htm. The People History . † 1985. N. p. , 2009. Web. 29 Nov . 2009. http://www. thepeoplehistory. com/ 1985. html. U. S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Reducing Launch Operations Costs: New Technologies and Practices, OTA-TM-ISC-28 (Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office, September 1988). How to cite How Technology Has Changed Our Lives., Essay examples

Teenage Pregnancy and Dropout Rates free essay sample

In today’s society the pressure put on young adults to receive a good education is increasing every year. Despite this pressure many adolescents are dropping out of school in large numbers. Whether its high school, community college or a major university the number of kids who manage to complete their education from start to finish is getting smaller. In a school setting pressure is applied to young adults to succeed from a very young age. From the time children enter grammar school they are being molded for success. Kids are being told that in order to get a high paying job in today’s society they will need to receive a good education. When I was younger I remember my second grade teacher Mrs. Renfrew telling me â€Å"all rich people have attended college. â€Å" This was something that stuck with me for the better part of my childhood. The first thing my home room teacher Mr. Spears told me when entering my freshmen year of high school was â€Å"Look at the person to your left, and the person to your right. By the time graduation comes only one of you will be walking on stage to receive your diploma. According to the National Center for Education Statistics they had calculated that the national Graduation rate to be 73. 9 percent. It is much higher than my homeroom teacher had described. The Graduation rates can fluxuate quite drastically depending on where you live. According to the â€Å"whatever it takes† article from 2005, graduation rates were exceptionally high in the state of New Jersey at 87% , while in a state like South Carolina the graduation rate was a paltry 60%. Areas with high poverty are also prone to having higher dropout rates. According to the Council for Exceptional Children there are many different reasons that kids chose to drop out of high school. Many kids feel they need to drop out of school because they have to get a job. With the country under tough economic stress many kids are taking jobs to help support their families. I personally know many people who are choosing to obtain GED’s and enter the work force instead of completing their education. Another contributing factor is teenage pregnancy, especially in women. Many women are getting pregnant and choosing to finish their education later. Due to a lack of funding there are few high schools that offer day care. The majority of schools do not allow women to bring their children with them to class with them forcing them to become stay at home parents. According to the Council for Exceptional Children the biggest reason that young people drop out of school is because they were failing. There may be many reasons that this could be taking place. Some of these reasons are lack of focus, excessive absence, high graduation requirements, and unhelpful teachers. Parents may also be to blame. Research shows that parents who take a direct involvement in their child’s education are much more likely to succeed as opposed to a child whose parents are not academically involved. Kids who drop out of high school are less likely to succeed later in life as a result of the choices they have made during their high school careers. In a recent MSN. com article titled â€Å"U. S. High School Dropouts See Big Pay Gap† , Kids who drop out of high school will typically make sixty five percent less than a peer who received a high school degree. According to a MSN article, â€Å"No other country had such a severe income gap. † , said the Associated Press. The article also stated, â€Å"On the other end of the spectrum people who receive a degree from a university earn 72% more than a person who only completed high school. According to a US NEWS article titled â€Å" Dropouts loom large for schools† author Mike Bowler said, â€Å"Thirty percent of college and university students drop out after their first year. † President Barack Obama has produced a 12 billion dollar initiative to increase the number of college graduates by the year 2020. â €Å"That looks like it will be a steep hill to climb considering that more than half the students who enroll in a community college won’t graduate. With jobs requiring more skills it would be essential for to increase college graduates to help sustain a hungry workforce. According to an Associated Press article from 2005 titled â€Å"US College drop out rate sparks concern â€Å"the AP said, â€Å"only 54% of students who enter a 4 year university graduate with a degree within 6 years. † This isn’t nearly as high as the community college dropout rate but considering the financial cost of a four year university and the student debt that could possibly be incurred the effect it could have on a student could be more detrimental to a university school dropout than a comparable student who may have dropped out of a community college. Although there are ways for students to help their situation if they drop out at any point in the process statistics continue to show that students to drop out are more likely not to go back to school. With the job market demanding more skills and willing to pay less salaries the need for education in the United States is becoming increasingly important. In today’s society there are many different ways to obtain a GED . With a rapidly evolving job market they are demand more education and more skills and often are unable to offer high rates of pay https://www.usnews.com/ http://www.nbcnews.com/id/14801366/ns/us_news-education/t/us-high-school-dropouts-see-big-pay-gap/ http://pregnancy.lovetoknow.com/wiki/Category:About_Pregnancy https://www.cec.sped.org/

Privatisation of Indian Airlines Essay Sample free essay sample

Wright brothers brought the popular and sustained power flights which flourished worldwide within short span of clip and were farther brought by the British to India. during the World war. To provide to the demands of domestic market Indian Airlines was found in the twelvemonth 1953 which is the largest air hoses system in Asia with a fleet of 62 aircraft’s. Since origin. Indian Airlines have been puting criterions for the Civil Aviation which enjoyed monopoly during the licence Raj system. Increasing capacity to let the increasing strength of new riders is a positive move at the same clip frequent flight holds. adversities faced during theodolite terminals on a negative note. After sing a period of intense growing. Indian Airlines now have a smattering of challenges including addition in Aviation Turbine Fuel ( ATF ) monetary values. raising labour cost. deficiency of skilled labor and managing debts as economic downswing adds to the list. The input cost is excessively high resulting of addition in manpower cost due to the backdown of proficient forces and keep backing revenue enhancement on involvement payment on foreign currency loans. As the industry feels the heat. it is bound to take despairing steps to increase air menu and hiking cost of nutrient and other installations to get by with the current state of affairs. Indian Airlines. a public sector endeavor has severely cramped its failing and menaces to confront the emerging competition with its efficiency to pull off being doubted. Therefore. privatizing the entity could ensue in improvement of the services and assist to get the better of from the down-trend making an chance to re-establish itself. It can stay as an Indian entity in private custodies to discontinue being a load on Government fundss. Are we going less human and more robotic?An emotional. reasonable and a wise animal are termed to be as human existences. who possess the ability to believe beyond the prescribed bounds. Whereas. a automaton follow bids and work with a prefixed counsel. The originative facets. the funny nature and the passion to research the worlds of the existence have played a critical function in roll uping the basic features of a human being. But at present. we have become self-interested and self-sufficing to the extent that we are merely focused in happening ways to fulfill our personal demands. We have started following the pre-set bids to gain a life which have killed the sense of enterprise. creativeness and enthusiasm inside us. We are acquiring so much indulged into self-centric and mercenary universe that we have failed to detect the true significance of life. Driven by the greed for selfsufficiency we are ready to kill our believing abilities and blindly follow the instructions which are set to cut our wide vision. We are merely non bothered about anything and are taking a meaningless life which can turn out unsafe to the world. The chief motivation of our lives have become to function ourselves. instead than to function the world. Features of a human being go around around polish. niceness. reason. heat. openness and desire. These qualities reflect cardinal and corporal facets of human nature. To retain our ego individuality integral these facets should be kept alive esteeming the properties gifted by the nature which distinguishes us wholly from the automatons. Interlinking of rivers in India:India is a state with huge population with extremes of clime. different topography. varied types of dirts. one-year rainfall runing from 5 centimeter to more than 1000 centimeter. some parts confronting the mayhem of inundations and other parts thirsty for rain beads. Hence a strategy for effectual and efficient direction of H2O resources was prepared which envisages interlinking of 37 national rivers through 30 links across 9600 kilometer with 32 linking dikes. Undoubtedly. interlinking of rivers would supply countless installations and amenitiess but certain hurdlings are bound to originate in the execution of the undertaking. In the first case many canals will go through through national Parkss and sanctuaries and many people may be displaced by the edifice of dikes and canals. The building of reservoirs and dikes may get down up the natural home grounds of wild life and the ecology of the state may be subjected to unknown effects. Large countries u nder woods may be submerged under H2O. Harmonizing to some scientist’s monsoon rains come all over the state at one and the same clip. hence complecting rivers may do inundations. Then rivers like Ganga and Brahmaputra are international rivers. hence consent of next states like Nepal and Bangladesh would be a necessity for the completion of the completion of the undertaking. Country is already confronting a difference over sharing of Kaveri river H2O. Further struggles may originate between the provinces on the issue of sharing of H2O between them. Finally funding of the undertaking will non be so easy. In position of the manager general of National Water Development Agency ( NWDA ) the interlinking of rivers should be based uponInter-basin transportation is an outstanding illustration of effectual and efficient direction of H2O resources on the footing of demand of the people ; Scientific surveies covering with H2O balances in assorted basins have already been conducted and it is believed that ecological and environmental jobs shall non originate as all possible ameliorating and extenuation steps will be included in execution of the undertaking ; The job of s upplanting. rehabilitation and relocation of the people affected by the undertaking should non present a challenge because broad and enlightened bundles would be provided to them ; Scientific surveies have been made in full inside informations which incorporate relevant informations of studies and Investigations-Geological. Geophysical and Geo-electrical dirt studies of the bid countries. suited cropping forms. harvest rotary motion. socio and ecological impacts including a forestation ; Inter-state H2O understandings will keep good and after run intoing the state’s demand merely excess H2O will be directed into other province districts. The donor province may besides be compensated with hydro-power or development financess for the H2O they spare ; Finally it is believed that people’s engagement and assurance is every bit of import as the political consensus. Summarizing up the puting up of a national H2O grid by associating the major rivers of India is a dearly-won and immense undertaking which has both positive and negative deductions. This undertaking which requires a immense political. economic and societal subject will besides hold a enormous impact over the adjacent states. Alternate strategies are besides being discussed which seem assuring at present but have to be extensively tested before they can look as a feasible solution. Accident do non go on. but are made:In this modern universe of Internet and newspaper. the forepart pages are covered with intelligence of accidents and decease. A auto is squashed in half there and a motorcyclist killed here. There are accidents everyplace these yearss. In land. air and even submerged accidents are really frequent. Accidents are caused by people’s carelessness towards regulations and ordinances. If everything is done in a proper sequence and order. most of the accidents can be avoided. Accidents caused due to natural catastrophes are negligible when compared to accidents caused by worlds. Sometimes accidents are caused by emotions excessively. Peoples drive excessively fast with explosions of choler. unhappiness and felicity overruning in their heads and barricading the train of ideas between their encephalon and eyes and hence they loose their sense of route and meet with accidents. Main cause of route accidents is the conditions of route themselves. A batch of holes destroy the beauty of an otherwise beautiful route. Lots of cavities and bulges and sudden animate beings croping on the route create unwanted obstructions for bicycler and walkers. Peoples swerve difficult and fast to avoid obstructions and sometimes it becomes dangerous. Another facet is intoxicated drivers. Drivers drink and thrust and when rummy drivers and our Indian roads agitate custodies. accidents are caused. Accidents can be well reduced if drivers control the consumption of liquor its good for both the individual and the people around him. Another cause of accidents is cell phones. Peoples do circus fast ones equilibrating cell phone in one manus. the other manus on maneuvering wheel and eyes on the route and ears listening to the conversation therefore the concentration is diverted in a thousand different waies. If the affair is something serious. fleeting deficiency of concentration consequences in danger yet once more. Pedestrians are sometimes non mere ly victims but besides the chief cause of route accidents. Some walkers walk as if they rule the roads. Continuous honking does non bring down any alteration in the behavior of the people on the route. They do non travel or Budge. Finally the bottom line comes to the size of the vehicle. If the car is bigger. the amendss become large. Sometimes it might even take to the decease of guiltless lives. If there is one thing in India that’s impeding the fast development of the state. is MONEY. Everywhere we go now. there’s no work without money. Even basic demands such as nutrient and H2O have become pricey. And when it comes to the streets. money takes the upper manus. If a traffic police officer is given extra money the individual is allowed to waive all traffic regulations and are allowed to take a head start doing all the other people waiting for the visible radiation to alter. A small extra hard currency and the whole respect-level with which people look at us are changed in a blink of an eye. There is batch of regulations in India regulating traffic but merely a fewer of them are being implemented. It should be forced with full fledged finding. Peoples should follow them without any crooked thoug hts and ideas and actions. It should go the right of every Indian. The roads should be decently paved and made and the prosaic crossings and walk ways should be made clear and seeable. Peoples should lodge to the pavings and non hesitate out of the paseo.