Image retrieval Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Image retrieval - Research Paper Example There are different varieties of techniques being investigated in the area of information retrieval and the aim of this paper is to focus on the most popular and effective ones in extraction of images from multimedia databases. In general, we will discuss the two main research areas, using textual features and content based features but more specifically, we will discuss the technologies and advancements in employing the textual features. IMAGE RETRIEVAL There is a question of how to handle the vast growing multimedia information and the answer for that is to use multimedia databases. The aim is to retrieve images that most likely match with the query of a user. Users in general search for the images in databases using keywords and features like size, shape, location, etc. For retrieving the right information from such database using queries, two main approaches exist. [1] Firstly we could describe an image using a set of keywords but considering that manual labelling of all the mult imedia information is a hard task. Another area of research which is at the centre of researcher’s attention is Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR). [2] However, among these two main approaches, there is a question of efficiency of them. ... TEXT BASE IMAGE RETRIEVAL In order to label images with the keywords, we could either do it manually or automatically, using computer algorithms trained based on the textual information of image and the image features. [3] However even in the automatic way, for training the computer we need to manually provide a set of training data for example different category of images. In addition to the constraints above, when we describe images using a set of keywords, a set of conflicts might happen do to some of the well known issues in the natural language, including synonym words, using different words to express one thing or using a word with usages in different contexts. [4] [4] is one of the papers that suggests not using the text based feature alone since it is not going to be efficient due to the above natural language constraints. They recommend combining text features and visual features. There also some works that recently tried resolving the natural language constraints above. [5] The approach they used was Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) used to joint feature vectors of textual and visual information of the images. The reason that the researchers mainly focus on the content based side of the research might be the problems that appears with labelling the data and of course the lack of accuracy caused by using general natural language processing techniques. Natural language processing is a complex task and full ability to process humans language has not been achieved yet. CONTEXT BASED IMAGE RETRIEVAL (CBIR) CBIR is a popular area of study in image retrieval these days. In this approach we index the images from their visual content. In other words we use features like shapes, texture

To what extent can growing poverty be blamed on the advance of Essay

To what extent can growing poverty be blamed on the advance of globalization - Essay Example Globalisation is defined by Pugel (2004:5) as the â€Å"process of an increased relationship between national economies through international trade, foreign direct investments by multinational firms, and international financial investments†. Increased inter-nation trade results in the increased need for the redistribution of pricing and goods in a way that will ensure market place equilibrium is arrived at. As a result, nations may undergo periods of unemployment, reduced prices of their nations’ natural resources, as well as poor standards of life. On the other hand, Pugel (2004) argues that some countries undergo periods of inflation, increased employment demand, as well as increased living standards; thus there will be both gains and losses as a result of wealth redistribution. In order to establish comparisons between poor and rich nations, definition and measurement of inequality is vital. Once determined, it is possible to evaluate and measure the effects of globa lisation on the nation’s status. According to Birdsall (2002), inequality is the disparity of people’s living standards and their income in different countries. In addition, the World Bank categorises those in developing nations living under a dollar per day and those in medium economies living under two dollars a day as poor (Eswar, Rajan and Arvind, 2007). In contrast, the trio posits that a person in the more developed economies of the US, Japan, and Europe trying to live on under a thousand dollars is relatively poor as the cost of life is these economies is far greater than this amount. There is a rising increase in the income gap between the rich and the poor with many regions worldwide recording figures of 25% or more people living on less than a dollar a day (Ikubolajeh, 2002). According to Pranab (2007), poor people with less income have limited and or less access to the global wealth. A 2003 research revealed that the richest fifth of the global population ga rnered 85% of the globe’s income whereas the poorest fifth managed only 1.4% of the globe’s income (Eswar, Rajan and Arvind, 2007). Comparing the GDP between poorest and richest nations across the globe over the past century results in a constantly increasing and or widening income gap; an indicator that the gap of income has augmented and has continued with the same trend. Apart from income, the standards of living can also be used to measure a country’s level of poverty. Sri Lanka shares impressive social indicators as those of developed nations, for instance, life expectancy, literacy rates, mortality rates and population growth rate in the country is same as that of developed nations. Despite this, the country has a low income. Poverty of a country can be measured by fourteen major indicators that have been further subdivided into four sections namely infrastructure for development, growth and poverty reduction, human development, and governance and investme nt climate (Pugel, 2004). A number of factors can be used to drive economic growth and development, for instance increased educational standards and economic policies such as openness to international trade. Inequality exists in terms of living conditions and standards of livin