This way to student success

My experience in avid so far has been really great. We got nice teachers and also the tutors that come to help us with any problem we have. Avid has influenced me by being more focused in class, and getting better grades, also avid has helped me reached a lot of goals in life. Avid has interested me in a lot of colleges, I’ve gotten four letters from different colleges that would like me to go there to study, and avid really helps a lot. Avid has made a lot of great opportunities like being an honors student for passing all my pre AP classes.My avid teachers, all my avid teachers have helped me a lot with grades, keeping up with my work and for them I wouldn’t of probably be in high school right now. 8th grade was my first year in avid and I realized that I wanted to go to college. Avid is the best program to achieve your goals going to college. I still remember that day Mrs. Medina had told me â€Å"Nayeli come here, I’ve been checking your grades and youâ€⠄¢re not passing math, you need to start staying for torturing so you can pass this semester† â€Å"I know Mrs. I’ve been paying attention but I just don’t get it.† â€Å"Well you should start questioning questions about math in tutorials† â€Å"okay Mrs. I will.†Mrs. Medina really cared about my grades she was always there for all of us, if she will see that we weren’t passing she would make us go to torturing because she wanted us to pass. 8th grade was the best year; I will never forget my 8th grade. Participating in avid is really great, avid helps us to get to college and helps us to get ready. Our family hasn’t faced any obstacles yet but if we ever do we will try to help each other to resolve the problem.My family is really happy that I got in avid, because avid has helped me a lot with my grades I’ve had brought my grades up a lot this passed months that we’ve been in school. Also has also helped me with my attitude, being a really good student helps a lot with grades, also having a good attitude with the teachers helped me get advanced in my classes, and avid has really helped me a lot.

A forecasting method Essay

1. Which of the following barometric indicators would be the most helpful for forecasting future sales for an industry? 2. The use of quarterly data to develop the forecasting model Yt = a +bYt−1 is an example of which forecasting technique? 3. Consumer expenditure plans is an example of a forecasting method. Which of the general categories best described this example? 4. The type of economic indicator that can best be used for business forecasting is the: 5. An example of a time series data set is one for which the: 6. If two alternative economic models are offered, other things equal, we would 7. European Union labor costs exceed U.S. and British labor costs primarily because 8. If Ben Bernanke, Chair of the Federal Reserve Board, begins to tighten monetary policy by raising US interest rates next year, what is the likely impact on the value of the dollar? 9. If the British pound (â‚ ¤) appreciates by 10% against the dollar 10. An appreciation of the U.S. dollar has what impact on Harley-Davidson (HD), a U.S. manufacturer of motorcycles? 11. Companies that reduce their margins on export products in the face of appreciation of their home currency may be motivated by a desire to 12. In an open economy with few capital restrictions and substantial  import-export trade, a rise in interest rates and a decline in the producer price index of inflation will 13. Trading partners should specialize in producing goods in accordance with comparative advantage, then trade and diversify in consumption because 14. Marginal revenue product is defined as the amount that an additional unit of the variable input adds to ____. 15. The marginal product is defined as: 16. Which of the following is never negative? 17. The combinations of inputs costing a constant C dollars is called: 18. The marginal rate of technical substitution may be defined as all of the following except: 19. Marginal factor cost is defined as the amount that an additional unit of the variable input adds to ____. 20. If TC = 321 + 55Q – 5Q2, then average total cost at Q = 10 is: 21. The cost function is: 22. What method of inventory valuation should be used for economic decision-making problems? 23. For a short-run cost function which of the following statements is (are) not true? 24. According to the theory of cost, specialization in the use of variable resources in the short-run results initially in: 25. ____ are defined as costs which are incurred regardless of the alternative action chosen in a decision-making problem.

Shaping Special Education

Running head: Shaping Special Education From Past to Present: Shaping Special Education Laura Terpstra Grand Canyon University: SPE 523 May 30, 2012 From Past to Present: Shaping Special Education Fundamental Concepts and Philosophies The history of American special education has taken a long, ever-evolving journey to get to the place it is today. Marilyn Friend (2008) discusses how in the early twentieth century students were still not accepted into public schools. Students who had physical or mental disabilities were placed into separate classes, made up entirely of students with disabilities.Throughout the first half of the twentieth century students with a wide range of disabilities were enrolled in special education classes. Over the past century, various court cases have defined how special education has changed. In 1954, the Brown v. Board of Education, gave way to questions about whether or not separating special education students from the general education population was ap propriate or not. Some people believed that taking students out of the classroom gave them a label for their disability and therefore was discriminatory towards students, rather than helpful in providing services they needed to make them successful. Friend, 2008, p. 47) Not only did educators become advocators for children’s with disabilities, so did parents. The Mills v. Board of Education (1972) sparked the determination of providing special education services for students. In response to various lawsuits against the Board of Education legislation created mandates to ensure the rights for students with disabilities. Structure of Special Education Parents continued to push for the rights of children, as well as congress.The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 were laws that provided funding to states to assist them in creating and improving programs and services for children with disabilities. The Education for All Handicapped children Act in 1974 was created to a llow full educational opportunities for students with disabilities. In 1986, the federal special education law was changed to include services for infants and young children. (Friend, 2008, p. 49) In 1990, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act was changed to Individual with Disabilities Act (IDEA) and more disabilities were added.The most recent change was in 2004 when provisions were added to help resolve disputes between parents, as well as the requirement for student instruction to be taught using evidence-based practices. Federal law forced educators to change their view of special education students and how to best serve their needs in the school environment. Also in 2004, President Bush and Congress wanted IDEA to align with No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 so that schools would be held accountable for making sure students with disabilities achieve high standards (Friend, 2008, p. 68).Jill Hockenbury (2000) pointed out that special education is a key part of the publi c education system but that there are still challenges in special education today. Critical changes that are needed in special education include constructing a defensible philosophy of education, providing effective and intensive instruction, and improving the quality of teacher training. These changes are still being worked on today. The needs of children today are demanding that teachers provide effective instruction, that’s meaningful and allows the teacher to reach all levels of development in one classroom.Trends and Issues Quality teacher training is also one of the biggest challenges facing special education and relates directly to a key topic heard a lot about in special education, which is inclusion. Inclusion centers on the belief that students with a disability should be allowed to be a part of the general education classroom. However, inclusion is difficult because of the requirement of the general education teacher. The general education teacher should be able to meet the needs of the students in his or her classroom, which can be difficult depending on the students needs.However, inclusion states that students should be in the classroom full time, receiving instruction the same as non-disabled peers, and there should be no need for pull-out. In some cases, members of a child’s IEP team may not agree on the appropriate environment for a student. With increased opportunities for teachers to have training with research-based methods and strategies, this area should be able to improve in the future. Researchers have stated that inclusion is beneficial to both students with disabilities, and those without disabilities.A study done investigating perceptions of learning of nearly 5,000 kindergarten students through 12th grade revealed that students with disabilities wanted to learn the same material, use the same books, and enjoy the same homework and grading practices as typical peers. (Friend, 2008, as cited in Klinger and Vaughn 1999) O ther trends in special education include universal design for learning and differentiation. Universal design for learning (UDL) is the instructional approach that students with disabilities should have access to the curriculum.Along with UDL is the use of differentiated instruction (or differentiation) to explore the concepts of UDL further. Differentiation means that within one environment, students with multiple needs will have their needs met through various ways. UDL and differentiation should be utilized by general education teachers to meet the needs of their special education student. (Friend, 2008, p. 77) These trends are all key concepts in the world of special education. They all impact the way special education teachers should teach to meet the needs of all their students.Pat Beckman (2001) reiterated this fact stating that â€Å"improved student learning requires teachers, schools, and districts to give up unproductive traditions and beliefs, replacing them with validat ed practices and a full understanding of the intent of the law. † IDEA requires teachers to use â€Å"programs, interventions, strategies, and activities† that are researched based. (Friend, 2008, p. 63) As the needs of students increase, the resources provided need to increase, which is the responsibility of those providing the education.Special education has come very far since placing disabled students in their own separate classroom, but it still has a long way to go. There is much to be said about meeting the needs of special education students and reaching those administrators, parents, and educators who still do not have a full understanding of inclusion.References Beckman, Pat (2001), Access to the general education curriculum for students with disabilities, Council for Exceptional Children, retrieved May 28, 2012 from http://www. cec. sped. org/AM/Template. cfm? Section=Home&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay. cfm&CONTENTID=5519 Friend, M. 2008). Special education: Co ntemporary perspectives for school professionals. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Hockenbury, J. C. , Kauffman, J. M. , & Hallahan, D. P. (2000). What is right about special education. Exceptionality, 8(1), 3-11. Obiakor, F. E. (2011). Maximizing access, equity, and inclusion in general and special education. Journal Of The International Association Of Special Education, 12(1), 10-16. U. S. Department of Education (2007) â€Å"Thirty Years of Progress in Educating Children With Disabilities Through IDEA†, retrieved May 28, 2012 from http://www2. ed. gov/policy/speced/leg/idea/history30. html

Life and Death Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Life and Death - Essay Example In other words, as Brookes (20) says, it is the infinite in the finite. Before joining the class, I was of the belief that war is justifiable as a means to protect the innocent. However, the pacifist ideology made me confused as that is against any kind of violence. There are various opinions in this class of thought as some people in the pacifist group think war is justifiable if it is used for defense purposes while some are totally against any violence. However, the question arose in my mind if it is justifiable to stay silent and inactive when one witnesses atrocities in society, say in another country. I thought of the military action undertaken by NATO in various nations when there are large scale human rights violations. Then, one will have to admit that abstaining from war against the erring will cause more damage to the innocent than resorting to war. Thus, I reached the realization that in the case of war, the only possible conclusion is ‘end justifies means’. In total, my opinion seemed closer to Just War Theory that intends to set some moral and political criteria that justify war. At this juncture, some people opine that if this is the case, terrorism too gains justifiable grounds. However, in my opinion, terrorism is in no way justifiable. There are two reasons that make terrorism unacceptable and different from war. Terrorism intentionally aims the innocent while the kind of war I support intends to protect the innocent. Moreover, while war is intended to impose the wish of the majority on a minority, terrorism is the attempt to achieve the goals of a minority against the wish of majority. Thus, terrorism does not have a rational ‘end’ to justify the means. In total, while war enjoys the support of Utilitarianism, terrorism enjoys the support of none. Regarding Euthanasia, I realized how difficult it is to reach a logical conclusion about the morality in it. Firstly, there is the Utilitarian theory of John Stuart Mill ac cording to which the action that produces maximum happiness to the greatest number is the best approach. Thus, it becomes evident that the acceptability of mercy killing, according to Utilitarianism, is purely dependent on how the patient and his family accept it. However, as Warburton (57) points out, someone who advocates deontologist ideology may claim that one should not think about the consequences and must strictly adhere to the commandment ‘Thou shalt not kill’. Here, it becomes evident that while taking moral judgments in euthanasia, one will be forced to strictly follow one ethical theory and forget the rest. So, as in the case of war, there are instances where killing is the best solution and hence justifiable. In addition, there is the issue of the morality of abortion. In fact there are a number of ethical questions associated with abortion. The first is when a fetus should be considered as a human being. As far as this question remains unanswered by the sci ence fraternity, I find it difficult to answer the question. If the fetus is considered as a human being, the question will be if it is right to kill a human being. However, it seems that all ethical theories agree on the fact that an innocent person should not be killed. However, various groups possess various assumptions about when to consider a fetus as a human being. Even if a fetus is considered as a human being, there are circumstances like war when human beings are killed. So, in my opinion, abortion is justifiable, but depends on the ‘end’ the action wants to achieve. Thus, in total, it seems that all

Why We Root For Some Antagonist Portrayed in Film, Literature and Article

Why We Root For Some Antagonist Portrayed in Film, Literature and Television - Article Example Why we root for villains and antagonists is a manifestation of morbid curiosity. Most people want to know something they rarely knew about or just heard about in whispers such that the more you deny these villains and antagonists, the more people are attracted to them. It certainly defies logic why this is so but then again the human mind is really hard to fathom. The enduring attraction of Count Dracula attests to this unusual curiosity. Villains become the fodder of speculations and conjectures but more than that, there is the abiding yearning effort to know more just for the sake of knowing; it seems knowledge is its own reward. People go to great lengths to visit his old castle in Transylvania and spend plenty of dollars there. Psychologists and sociologists attribute this unhealthy and unwholesome fascination as sort of an unexpressed death wish. Yes, people can sometimes really have this unusual and inexplicable wish which they are not even aware of. This is why black films or film noire has made a comeback in Hollywood. This death wish is the exact opposite of the survival instinct but as to why people can have this trait, nobody knows exactly. Some posit the idea this is the form of sexual inversion, a pseudo-sexual attraction of an opposite (Ellis 288). There are many plausible reasons why we root for antagonists and villains despite how much we know about their bad or undesirable side. This can be due to their being authentic. Antagonists, whether in literature, film, television, and even in real life (such as Hitler) are the kinds of people who are true to themselves, no matter what the odds are against them. Society is against them and yet they still pursue their dreams, do what they want, or persist whatever it is that drives them even if public opinion is definitely against them. Perhaps there is a hidden sense of communal grief when people prefer the macabre over what is

[Political Economy]Draw the view of good community and its purpose by Essay

[Political Economy]Draw the view of good community and its purpose by classical philosopher like Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, and Be - Essay Example The two individuals and their parties hold divergent views and positions on the political economy of the American Nation. This essay will generally view the whole country as one single national community. The paper will analyze and argue the ideas of what is good for the community and review the party and candidate positions in the presidential elections campaigns. The Community and the American Vote In the ongoing political campaigns, both candidates are seeking the votes of various groups. They are seeking the votes of young people, seniors, the wealthy, the middleclass, the poor, professionals, and the jobless, among many different other categories of voters. In wooing the different voters, the candidates and their parties are proposing different policies that they feel will better suit the whole American community while at the same time benefitting some special interest groups. A government's budget is more than a mass of numbers; it reveals a nation's priorities and aspirations. The Obama and Romney budget proposals offer two starkly different visions of America's future, making this election the sharpest contrast between competing economic philosophies since Lyndon Johnson routed Barry Goldwater in 1964. (Blinder) For example, one strategy proposed to achieve the good of the community is President Obama’s Medical Care program that was signed into law in 2010. The law seeks to afford every American citizen universal health care. The Democrats have been in its full support while the Republicans have been critical about it. Obamacare seems to respond to Bentham's theory of Utilitarian rights as explained in his book, Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. The most common criticism of Obamacare is that it encourages a culture of dependency and undeserved entitlement. Distribution of Power and Wealth for the Good of the Community Morath (2012) aptly captures the differences the two politicians and their parties approach the campaigns and issues affecting the voter. Kevin Hassett, adviser to  Mitt Romney, said the Republican nominee would take a hard line on entitlement spending that would create the â€Å"sigh of relief effect† needed to encourage businesses to expand. Obama adviser  Jeffery Liebman  said the president would spark job growth, and ultimately consumer demand, through targeted spending on infrastructure, schools and public safety. (Morath) Taxation is one area where the two presidential aspirants widely differ in policy. Both parties offer taxation policies that work according to the philosophies of distribution as expounded by Aristotle in his views on distributive justice. â€Å"Yet the true friend of the people should see that they be not too poor, for extreme poverty lowers the character of the democracy; measures therefore should be taken which will give them lasting prosperity.† (Aristotle, Politics, in Sommerville, p.93) Rousseau asserts that the general will is most impo rtantly enforced by the rule of law and is for the good of both the individual and the community. The general will serves first the community of citizens, rather than the rich minority. This seems in line with the taxation proposals by Obama’s team to tax the rich more. The 2012 election seems to represent some contest between the rich and the poor. Gazing beyond the rhetoric, they would notice how unwilling each party really is to cede any

Gendered-Language Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Gendered-Language Journal - Essay Example Sociolinguistics is the study of society and language. Sociolinguistics attempts to analyze the social factors which leading to the diversity of human languages, whereas many linguists concentrate on exploring unity under the diversity of human languages. In a nut shell, sociolinguists focus on the differences in languages and variation within a particular society language. As stated earlier, this paper will focus on the aspects of sociolinguistic variations in terms of gender based conversations. For example, television interviews, conversations in professional meetings, and daily readings. Language is particularly a form of social behavior and societies tend to split into groups displaying behavior differences. People react and behave variedly when giving information or involved in a particular conversation especially where a common gender is involved. This is generally due to the fact that language defines group identity because of its deep social function. People of same gender in a particular social group speak like one another. This strengthens the bonds and at the same time divides people from those in other groups speaking differently. This is a result of dialect. Dialect signals there individuals come from. This may be regional dialect and has significant applications to the social background of individuals. In a conversation within a common group of people or gender, they appear distinguished from other groups in their linguistic structure and features such as grammar, accent, pronunciation, and vocabulary. Most often than not, people of different dialects hav e varied accents, however, speakers of a common dialect may show different accents as well. This has resulted into Standard English; however, people speak differently and uniquely due to their education, life experience, aspiration, and age. This is what is observed in gendered language (Aitchison, 1978). In any particular gender conversation, for

Health and Safety in the Construction Industry Essay

Health and Safety in the Construction Industry - Essay Example The requirements could be in the form of legal provisions of the state, environment protection measures or in the form of the stipulated needs of the customer. In order to safeguard the interests of the workers, the respective governments come out with measures safeguarding the interests of the employees. The Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974, also known as HASAW or HSW, is one such legislative measure adopted by the government of UK, which covers occupational health and safety in the United Kingdom1. A company requires able people to carry on with the business in the best possible manner. Therefore, the relationship between the two parties is of mutual benefit and for the relationship to work, both parties have to agree to certain terms of agreements. The construction industry is no exception. The construction industry is known as a labour intensive industry with people from different skill levels contributing their bit towards the project. There are the labours who might not be educated enough to know about what's happening around them. Quite often, while working against time to meet tight deadlines or to save on the costs, the workforce happens to be at a disadvantage. The agency carrying out the construction activity and the company having accepted the terms for the project are required to manage the project in such a manner that the project is completed and handed over to the customer within the stipulated time period, without any untoward incident/s. Project Management as such is the planning, organizing, directing and controlling of company resources for a relatively short-term objective that has been established to complete specific goals and objectives (Kerzner, 1995). Producing high levels of productivity and quality and low levels of uncertainty additionally are objectives of project management. The uncertainty arises mostly out of ill planning and unwarranted delays on account of a reasons like disputes or accidents. The successful construction project management will therefore be the management of all the factors that surround and enable the construction as well as the technical work to be accomplished. This form of management as such is a set of principles, practices, and techniques applied to lead project team and control project schedule, cost, and performance risks in order to delight the customers. The customer will feel delighted when the project management team displays its expertise in the planning and successful i mplementation of the project and hands over the finished product in a hassle free manner. In one of its report the National Audit Office (NAO) has enlisted some barriers which need to be overcome and bring about changes in attitudes within the construction industry towards improving the health and safety performance. The NAO report states that, "Under health and safety legislation those who create risk are legally responsible for controlling and managing that risk" (NAO, 2004). This specifies that the responsibility of coming out with measures for controlling and management of the risk lies with everyone involved in the supply chain. In fact in today's context when globalisation and competition happens to be a rule rather than exception, every company desires to retain the best working hands while making all efforts to remain out of controversies. The reach and impact of media

Progressive Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Progressive Era - Essay Example According to Campell1, progressives were mainly comprised of middle class citizens who desired things to change. They believed that education and information were the key towards a better and fair society. Simon argues that, historically, there have there have been two primary chains of progressive thought concerning the proper relationship between politics and faith: secular and one emerging from religious social beliefs2. Secular progressive thought was associated with enlightened linearism. It is sceptical about particular religious beliefs, and exigent about keeping religion out of politics and politics out of religion. Thomas Jefferson and James Maddison advocated for religious conscience, freedom of conscience and separation of church and state. Liberalism caused a premium on rationality, self-determination, and personal morality above faith, public morality and church authority. Liberalism looked to establish a constitutional order in America that would stop the merging of government and religion that was prevalent in Europe3. During the progressive era, many religious leaders viewed liberalism as a taboo and worked hard to stop its spread. The Catholic Church was the dominant church at the time. They discorded with the liberal conception of faith and politics until the reconciling of Catholic teaching with liberal democracy. Eventually, these progressive beliefs triumphed in the country since many Americans accepted that one can practise their faith while keeping some religious beliefs from taking over the government and jeopardising the religious freedom of others. Another powerful chain of progressive thought came directly from religious beliefs during the social gospel movement. The preachers argued that they should apply everyone their teachings to solving public problems. Several protestant ministers and theologians in the 19th century such as Jennings Bryan and settlement founders such as Jane Addams espoused this belief4. Later,

Contemporary management issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Contemporary management issues - Essay Example Though some of these values evolve to embrace the changing times and others may interpret it differently under different situation but the universal acceptance of what is right and what is wrong has given them a strong foothold to withstand the adversities of the time. Moral and ethical dilemmas are becoming frequent in one’s professional life. The cut throat competition coupled with diverse and multicultural fabric of the society, makes it difficult for a person to maintain a high level of personal integrity. Nonetheless, barring serious acts of omission and commission, the activities or behaviour that is not illegal has literally become a fact of life with the people making it very difficult to distinguish between the behaviour that persons think ethical or unethical. The main reason being that very often the personal values clash with the organization’s objectives and organization’s target based results. According to Joseph Badaracco, "We have all experienced situations in which our professional responsibilities unexpectedly come into conflict with our deepest values...we are caught in a conflict between right and right. And no matter which option we choose, we feel like weve come up short" (internet). The resolution of eth ical dilemma therefore requires a very careful consideration so that both the parties become gainers. Consequentialist ethics is defined as the acts or behaviour that is determined by the consequences of that act or behaviour which generally must be beneficial in content. Retailers take refuge in the consequentialist ethical code of conduct, in their support of the supply chain that provides flowers that are out of season at their point of sale in the United Kingdom. It is therefore important that to identify really unethical behaviour, one must be able to know whether that particular act or behaviour of the retailer is constitutionally unlawful or whether it is against the general code of values. Another most pertinent question is

Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe - Essay Example People live in huts known as obis which are built at the center of the compound. Polygamy is also accepted in this community; as one man can marry as many women as he likes because having multiple wives and children is considered to be a source of wealth or that one was rich. Men and women had different roles in the community; men were responsible for growing yams as it was the most important crop in the community while women grew the less important crops like cocoa- yams, beans, cassava e.t.c. The setting also enables us to follow and understand the Igbo way of life. The people of Umuofia have some significant ceremonies like the week of peace that was greatly observed by everyone, and nobody caused any trouble during the celebration as seen (Chinua Achebe, Things Fall Apart. Page 23) Okonkwo is fined for beating his wife during the festival. This was followed by the planting of yams then the new yam feast. Other celebrated activities also include dance, rites of passage and above all proverbs. The people of Umuofia loved their proverbs, and they never missed to us them in all occasions. They even have a proverb that says â€Å"words are the palm-oil with which word are eaten†. Religion is very valuable to the people of Umuofia as the egwugwu are deeply respected and are believed to keep the peace in the land and administer justice. A lot of people was talented in Arts e.g. Okonkwo’s father they were good in music and poetry, thing that according to Okonkwo w ere not manly, and he hated hearted Arts and those who did them. Everyone in the community had something to add to the progression of the community including women and children. Laziness was discouraged and rebuked as in many other African communities. A lot has changed since the time of the setting of this great book; for example, today in my community we do not celebrate agricultural patterns or dance among others. Polygamy is also not practiced in my community, unlike Umuofia. However, we have wedding, dance celebrations, and we also do farming as the main economic activity. The setting of a book is what builds it. It is through setting that we are able to discover the economic activities of the community, its social activities, culture, and location among other factors that build the body of the book. A rural setting is always attractive and very informative compared to other kinds of settings. Question 2 Achebe wrote the novel â€Å"Things Fall Apart† to educate people, and to combat demeaning stereotypes about Africa. However, he does not present the Igbo society as ideal. He criticizes some aspects of the community through his characters. Achebe seems to challenge some traditional beliefs and practices. For example, the killing of Ikemefuna, Okonkwo’s adopted son. He does this through the character Obierika (Okonkwo’s best friend) who refused to join the rest of the village men in the walk to the forest were the boy was to be killed by say that he has better things to do(Chinua Achebe, Things fall Apart, page 32). Obierika also told Okonkwo that his deeds would not please the earth because of the men’s actions. This turns out to be true later, although Okonkwo disagrees with him, but he is later faced with a great misfortune and is exiled from his home for seven years. This shows that Achebe does not agree with the murder of the young boy for he had committed no crime to be killed in that manner. Achebe

A Christmas Carol Essay Example for Free

A Christmas Carol Essay Explore how Dickens emphasises the importance of children and family relationships in A Christmas Carol In the novel A Christmas Carol the atmosphere I receive from the book shows me that dickens cares deeply about children. There are many aspects of when Charles Dickens emphasises the importance of children and family in A Christmas Carol. There are A lot of scenes that show this: the first cratchit scene (pages 37-42) which is the main one, belle and her family (pages 29-30) and scrooge living at his school and his sister coming back (pages 21-23). First I will talk about the cratchit scene. It shows the cratchits celebrating Christmas. Dickens says, Heres Martha mother! , this helps to create an atmosphere of warmth and love. It works because of the explanation mark, it makes it seem that all the children are overjoyed about playing the joke on Mrs Cratchet. On the scene with the goose, Dickens uses the phrase, Universal admiration, to describe how the family feel about the goose. It shows that even though they havent got a real turkey they dont take anything for granted. The phrase implies that the whole universe admires it but in reality its just an average goose. The quote Bobs voice was tremulous when he told them this and trembled more, Tiny Tim is growing strong and hearty, is very ironic because Tiny Tim wasnt growing strong and hearty, this shows that Bob was always trying to look on the brightside of things, his main priority was to keep the family happy. The family mean the world to each other and they are trying to make it a Christmas to remember. After they had eaten the goose Mrs Cratchet was ready to give out the pudding, she was terrified it wouldnt be acceptable, Suppose it should not be good enough,Suppose it break turning out. Mrs Cratchet was going through every bad possibility, she was so nervous. Although it was a little small it never crept into any of the familys head that there wasnt enough. When Bob Cratchet told her that it was the biggest triumpth since there marriage she replied, Now the weight is off my mind, She was delighted that it was a success! In the scene with Scrooge living at school and his sister coming back Dickens shows how your childhood can be so important. Scrooge sat down upon a form, and wept to see his poor forgotten self as he used to be. Scrooge was a very mean man and I feel that it was soley to do with his child hood, he wasnt short of luxurys but he was very lonely and he needed family. Scrooge obviously wasnt always a mean and a spiteful person, because whilst he is seeing all of his past he is experiencing a lot of feelings of how he used to be and what he had turned into. Scrooge has now realised what he has become, this is all because of his childhood. He said, There was a boy singing A Christmas Carol at my door last night, I should like to of givien him something. Scrooges childhood was so important for him because if his childhood had been different in anyway, for example; getting attention from his parents or feeling loved, he could of have been a totally different man. Before the ghost had shown Scrooge his chidhood or peoples familys he would not have given that Carol singer a second thought. ` In the scene with Belle and her family Dicken emphasises the importance of children and family by expressing how scrooge wants to be one of them. Scrooge said what would I not have given to be one of them! As a child scrooge was not allowed to have the fun and lafter that the children in this scene had, he was very enveous of the children, he wished he could of grown up in this family. He also said I should have dearly liked, i own,to have touched her lips or to have let loose waves of hair, i do confess to have the lightest license of a child. He so longed for frivolous childhood. To conclude I think that Dickens makes his readers aware of the importance of children and family by showing how Scrooge changes after seeing his and then other peoples childhood. The Cratchets show how they are so close and all pull together in good or bad times. The scene with Scrooge living at school and his sister coming back helps Scrooge realise what he had become as a result of his upbringing. The scene with Belle and her family show how much Scrooge envied a fun and happy childhood, to able to lark about and have games in a relaxed atmosphere. I feel that Dickens was a keen admirer of children and it was fitting how Tiny Tim ended the novel by sayin god bless us everyone!

Theories and studies about reducing racial prejudice

Theories and studies about reducing racial prejudice Everyone has a race or ethnic group that they see themselves as being part of. On the other hand, not all people are exposed to stinging words or physical harm from a prejudiced individual because of the color of their skin. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (2005), there are approximately 210,000 hate crimes a year; racial prejudice is the motivation for over half of them. This paper will discuss theories and studies on ways to reduce racial prejudice. Racial prejudice has been around since groups of people could distinguish themselves from one another (Milner, 1983). The 1920s were when prejudice started catching the attention of psychologists as a social phenomenon that needed to be studied (Duckitt, 1992). Samelson (1978) talked about how tests between races were first meant to measure individuality but soon the authors were publishing empirical evidence that Whites were superior to Blacks (as cited in Duckitt, 1992, p. 1185). Milner (1983) states that prejudice occurs because people become frustrated, need a scapegoat, or because they are feeling some anxiety and need a way to release it. One of the first texts on prejudice and reducing prejudice was written by Gordon W. Allport. Encouraged by Robin Williams study on conditions that further the reduction of racism, Allport wrote The Nature of Prejudice in which he discusses his contact hypothesis (Utsey, Ponterotto, Porter, 2008). Allport (1954) stated that prejudice may be reduced by equal status contact between majority and minority groups in the pursuit of common goals (p. 281). Allport (1954) also says there are eight different areas of contact, causal, residential, occupational, recreational, religious, civic and fraternal, political, and goodwill intergroup activities. Allport (1954) says that both state and federal legislation can be used to pass antidiscrimination laws and have public agencies enforce these laws. According to Allport (1954), there are six programs that can be used to reduce prejudice. They are formal educational methods, contact and acquaintance programs, group retraining methods, mass media, exhortation, and individual therapy. Allport (1954) feels that individual therapy is the best one, yet no study has been convincing of this. Allport (1954) describes formal educational methods as teaching about prejudice in the school setting. There are five types of formal educational methods. There is the informational approach, direct approach, indirect approach, the approach through vicarious experience, and the project method. The next method is contact and acquaintance programs which means that White people and Black people get together and get to know each other. The third method is group retraining. In group retraining, the outgroup members and the ingroup members switch roles and try to become empathetic to each other. The fourth method is mass media in which messages are sent in the media spreading information on tolerance of others. The next method is exhortation which is like religion in which leaders spread the message of tolerance of other people. Finally, there is individual therapy in which a person meets with a therapist to change their way of thinking. Blincoe and Harris (2009) talk about three major programs that cause a minimization in racial prejudice. Cooperation is similar to Allports (1954) contact theory. This program has been used in jigsaw classrooms in which children are broken up into racially varied group and then each child is given a piece of information to teach to the others (Aronson Bridgeman, 2007; Blincoe Harris, 2009). Along with the children learning information, they also showed higher self-esteem, liked school more, and for minorities, their school grades had improved (Aronson Bridgeman, 2007). The tolerance program is synonymous with political tolerance and the respect program is supposed to reinforce and encourage diversity (Blincoe Harris, 2009). Crisp and Turner (2009) hypothesize that imagining contact with an outgroup can have a close or same effect on diminishing prejudice as actual contact with an outgroup. Turner, Crisp, and Lambert, (2007) found that participants who imagined an optimistic interaction with an outgroup member conveyed more positive attitudes and less prejudice than those who did not (as cited in Crisp Turner, 2009). Stathi and Crisp (2008) did a study that showed that even though projection of positive self traits is higher for ingroups than outgroups (Clement Krueger, 2002), positive imagined contact leads to greater projection of positive traits to outgroups (as cited in Crisp Turner, 2009, p. 234). In addition to contact theory, there is the goal based approach which consists of three goals that people need to reach. These are comprehension goals, self-enhancement goals, and motivation to avoid prejudice (Kunda Spencer, 2003). Kunda and Spencer (2003) say that comprehension goals include the need to understand events, reduce the complexity of the environment, gain cognitive clarity, and form rational impressions. Stereotypes serve these needs by enabling perceivers to simplify and understand the huge amounts of social information that they confront and to make inferences that go beyond available information (p. 524). They also say that self-enhancement goals include the need to protect and enhance self-esteem. Lastly, motivation to avoid prejudice inhibits the activation of stereotypes. When people notice that they are treating others differently because of their skin color, they will feel the discrepancies because they know it is not right. Therefore they feel guilty which ma kes them repress their prejudiced thoughts. Another part of the goal-based theory is why there is prejudice in the first place. Kenrick, Neugberg, and Cialdini (2009) feel that there are two things that prejudice does for people, it helps us gain economic resources and the characteristics of the other groups bring our economic goals to our attention. The first way to achieve the goals of the goal-based theory is to attempt to change the character of the prejudiced person. The second is to change the situation in which the prejudiced person feels like they can discriminate against others. Next is to give people a different way to satisfy their goals and last is to activate goals incompatible with prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination. Part of the goal-based approach involves looking at the point of view of other people. Galinksy and Moskowitz (2000) say that when a person looks at themselves, they have higher favorable responses to the ingroup. Turner (1987) says favoritism increases toward the in-group (as cited in, Galinsky Moskowitz, 2000, p. 709). Therefore, thinking that you are part of the outgroup will increase positive responses to them and decrease prejudice thoughts about them (Galinsky Moskowitz, 2000). In the judicial area, the goal-based approach has some significance. Studying about prejudice and ingroups and outgroups can become very important especially for those who may be suing another person in civil court for injury that they could have caused. People tend to like others who are similar to them (Kerr, Hymes, Anderson, Weathers, 1995). If a juror feels that they are not similar to the plaintiff in a malpractice case that juror might feel that the plaintiff should get a lower amount of money to compensate for the damages or perhaps believe they should not get any money at all. The same applies to the defendant. If the juror feels they are similar to the defendant than they could be more lenient on his punishment (Green Bornstein, 2003). However, Marques and Yzerbyt (1988) say that the opposite effect can also happen. That is, the jurors are harsher on an ingroup member because they are part of the ingroup and they pose a threat to the positive image of the ingroup members. They call it the black sheep effect in which positively viewed ingroup members are viewed better than outgroup members but negatively viewed ingroup members are viewed as being worse than outgroup members (as cited in, Green Bornstein 2003). Finally, there is the ignorance hypothesis. People experience prejudiced thoughts because they simply do not know any better (Kenrick, Neugberg, Cialdini, 2009). If everyone would interact with the other groups, they wouldnt stereotype individuals of other groups. However, Stephan and Stephan (1996) say research shows that this approach does little to reduce prejudice (as cited in, Kenrick, Neuburg, Cialdini, 2009). Case (2007) did a study in which college students were required to take a course on diversity. The course was designed to heighten recognition of White privilege and racism, raise support for affirmative action, and decrease prejudice, guilt, and fear of other races. The students took a survey at the beginning of the course which measured White privilege, awareness of racism, and the students level of racism to different ethnic groups. The same survey was given at the end of the semester as well. Results showed white privilege, awareness of racism and support for affirmative action increased. However, students reported greater fear of other races. Students levels of racism remained constant except for racism against Latinos, which increased. Case explains this as possibly being by chance or that the course could have actually increased prejudice. Blanchard, Lilly, and Vaughn (1991) hypothesized that hearing another person express strong antiracist opinions would have more of an effect than hearing another person express equal opinions or opinions that were more accepting of racism. They also speculated that when a person hears another person express strong support of racism, the first person showed less support of antiracism. They did two studies in which they interviewed college students in a group with a confederate who either openly expressed strong antiracist views or strong racist views when asked about a false situation in what should happen to another student who wrote racist notes. There was a neutral condition in which the participant answered the questions first and in the other condition the confederate answered first. The authors hypotheses were confirmed in both of the experiments. In 2007, four studies were done by Turner, Hewstone, and Loci that investigated self-disclosure as a mediator of the effect of cross-group friendship and vicarious experiences of such friendship (p. 371). The subjects for studies one were children between the ages of eight and twelve. The ages of the children for subjects two and three were 12 through 16. The last study included undergraduate students. In Study One, students were first given tasks that required them to categorize photographs of faces as negative or positive and White or Asian. The last tasks were to categorize White/Positive or Asian/Negative and White/Negative or Asian/Positive. In Study Two, the students were given questionnaires on their thoughts on the other ethnic group. The third study was the same as the second study except the experimenters used a larger group. In Study Four, White participants were given a questionnaire that measured predictor variables, mediator variables, and explicit outgroup attitude. So me of questions were, How often do you discuss intimate or personal issues with people who are Asian? (p. 380) and How rewarding are the interactions you have with Asian people? (p. 380). All four studies found that self-disclosure positively predicted explicit outgroup attitude. Vrij, Akehurst, and Smith (2003) conducted a study where people were shown cue cards and then were given surveys to measure prejudice. They focused on seven principles, that they say decrease prejudice when used in public campaigns. The seven principles are (1) an emphasis on similarities; (2) positive similarities in a positive context; (3) many representative members; (4) provision of explicit information; (5) employ a credible source; (6) state illegality; (7) central and peripheral routes to persuasion (p. 285). Each of the cue cards had one of the seven principles or the opposite of it. For example, state illegality was shown on one cue card as one White man and one Black man approximately the same age with wording above them that said These two men applied for a job as an Accounts Manager. The man on the left was turned down because he is Black (p. 291); the other card was the same as the first one but had the wording IT IS ILLEGAL TO DISCRIMINATE ON THE GROUNDS OF RACE (RACE R ELATIONS ACT, 1976) (p. 291). Subjects were then given a survey that measured their prejudice. Vrij, Akehurst, and Smith found that if the subject viewed a card that did not have one of the seven principles, their prejudice had increased versus if they had seen one of the principles. The two principles that had the most effect were emphasis of similarities and similarities in a positive context. Carpenter, Za ´rate, and Garzas study that was done in 2007, focused on using differences and individuality to reduce prejudice in groups that are African American, White American, Mexican American, and Mexican National. In Experiment One, the African American and White American participants were first primed with stories that had an emphasis on the personal self or others. Then, they filled out questionnaires while looking at pictures of African Americans and White Americans. The White Americans, who were primed to have an emphasis on others, had reduced prejudice. However, the African Americans showed no difference in prejudice levels. In Experiment Two, White Americans, Mexican Americans, and Mexican Nationals took self-esteem tests and then answered questions on all three groups. Carpenter, Za ´rate, and Garza (2007) found that self-esteem did not have any effect on prejudice and that looking at ways that your own ethnic group is different from other groups can lessen prejudi ce. Pettigrew and Tropp (2006) did a meta-analysis of over 500 studies and 713 independent samples that tested the intergroup contact theory. Their findings showed that intergroup contact does decrease intergroup prejudice. Pettigrew and Tropp go on to say that the conditions are not independent but entwined with each other. They also feel that intergroup contact can be utilized to end prejudice against other underrepresented groups. Racism not only exists among individual people but also in government forms. Billingsley and Giovannoni (1972) have been doing studies that show that African American children have been consistently counted out from services provided by child welfare establishments, they believe this is due to racism that exists in these institutions (as cited in, Miller Ward, 2008). Miller and Ward (2008) say there has been overrepresentation of African Americans in the welfare system for a long time. They then go on to talk about the Breakthrough Series Collaborative (BSC) methodology was used to analyze the welfare systems racism and then identify strategies to reduce the racial disproportions. The BSC theory of change has six areas which are (1) increase the awareness and understanding of the issue, (2) identify challenges and test strategies for improvement, (3) implement site-level policy and practice improvements, (4) spread the improvements throughout the larger system, (5) sustain system-wi de improvements, and (6) improve child and family outcomes (p. 227). Many participants of the program reported being able to achieve a fully functional program in their location. However, the participants said they had difficulty spreading changes from their location to a larger system. More work still needs to be done to stop the racial prejudice that occurs in the welfare system. There are also racial discrepancies in the health care system. For example, according to the Centers for Disease Control, in 2006, the age-adjusted death rate for White Americans of both sexes, was 764.4 and for African Americans of both sexes, it was 982.0 (Heron, Hoyert, Murphy, Xu, Kochanek, Tejada-Vera, 2009). In 2002, Dovidio et al. conducted a study of racism that occurs during an emergency. White subjects were half as likely to help a Black person as they were to help a White person. While the participants opposed that the idea they were racist, it was the only difference in the fabricated emergency (as cited in Carlson Chamberlain, 2004, p. 375). Carlson and Chamberlain (2004) say that to reduce the health disparities between White Americans and African Americans, there must be a change in the research areas that combine social conditions with the physiological pathways to health and disease and that we need to join together on emotional levels to understand each other to c hange racial attitudes. In addition to healthcare and welfare, racism has even showed up in our grocery stores. In a study that was done in 2003, Topolski, Boyd-Bowman, and Ferguson found differences in the quality of fruits in grocery stores that were part of the same chain but were located in different parts of the city. They collected fruit samples from stores that were located in neighborhoods that had high socio-economic status and low socio-economic status. More minorities lived in the lower income neighborhoods. The quality of the fruit in the high SES neighborhood was better than the fruit that came from the other neighborhood, as judged by students who examined, ate the fruit and then rated them. As you can see, there is hope for eliminating racial prejudice. On the other hand, a lot of the studies that I presented in this paper were done with children and college students. It still leaves out a majority of the population. Yet, I think we have come a long way from previous generations in accepting others, especially in the case of race and ethnicity. If we eliminate or even reduce racial prejudice, then minority children will do better in school, they will have better economic and career opportunities, and will experience lower rates of crime against them. With the current research on racial prejudice, we could also apply these theories to sexism, homophobia, and ageism. Hopefully, in time, Andy Warhols I think everybody should like everybody quote will finally be true.

Civil Liberties Essay -- essays research papers

As Benjamin Franklin once said â€Å"A people who would trade liberty for security deserve neither†. I totally agree in that we as the people of the United States should not ask for greater safety at the price of liberty. I feel that the government does not have the power to limit our First Amendment rights. The people of this country hold the power and politicians are merely their puppets. These leaders can ask for all kinds of authority during a time like this but all it would take is a string backlash from the public for them to back down. What is it about a time like this that renders these rights so unnecessary? People fought incredibly hard and gave their lives for these standards and for us to discard them at a time like this is disgraceful.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These rights w...

Cause and Effect Essay - Money Causes Unhappiness -- Cause and Effect E

Although it has been said that money is the root of all evil, many people actually believe that they would be happier if they were wealthier. Could this be correct? This essay will support the thesis that not only does the pursuit of wealth not lead to happiness; it may actually make us unhappy. Tim Kasser has written an excellent short book describing the scientific evidence relating to materialism and happiness. Kasser gives one striking quotation concerning Jim Clark, the founder of Netscape and other computer companies: "Before Silicon Graphics, Clark said a fortune of $10 million would make him happy; before Netscape, $100 million; before Healtheon, a billion; now, he told Lewis, 'Once I have more money than Larry Ellison, I'll be satisfied.' Ellison, the founder of the software company Oracle, is worth $13 billion." Kasser first shows that people who are rich are not necessarily happier than those who are not rich, provided ba... ...ut on the effects of materialism. Regardless of its origins, in America materialism works against happiness. This is a thought-provoking book about the pursuit of material goods. Kasser is not a preacher, but a scientist. He presents his evidence carefully, and concludes that materialism is a game not worth playing even on its own terms of promoting human happiness. Work Cited Kasser, Tim. The High Price of Materialism. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2002. 149 Pages.

Anzaldúa’s Genre Borderlands Essay -- Gloria Anzaldua

Anzaldà ºa’s Genre Borderlands Gloria Anzaldà ºa writes of a Utopic frame of mind, the borderlands created in and lived in by the new mestiza. She describes the preexisting natures of the Anglos, Mexicanos, and Chicanos as seen around the southwest U.S. / Mexican border, indicative of the nations at large. She also probes the borders of language, sexuality, psychology and spirituality. Anzaldà ºa presents this information in various identifiable ways including the autobiography, historical/informative essay, and poetry. What is unique to Anzaldà ºa is her ability to weave a ‘perfect’ kind of compromised state of mind that melds together the preexisting cultures while simultaneously formulating a fusion of genres that stretches previously constructed borders, proving both problematic and a step in the right extremely ideal direction. Geography is the start of the novel and of the division of culture. There is hatred and derision linked heavily to the divide. This she tells primarily in historical formats, which she then intersperses with poetry. This makes the historical/ political pers...

Imagery in Romeo and Juliet Essay

Both commit suicide rather than be separated by their families’ feud. The play has survived for centuries because of not only its captivating storyline but also its stirring phraseology. Shakespeare infuses Romeo and Juliet with various types of imagery – for example, celestial, religious, avian, and light and dark references – that provide metaphoric meaning, influence the spectators’ (or readers’) moods, and foreshadow the lamentable end. Heavenly imagery illuminates the brilliance of Romeo and Juliet’s relationship in the play. For example, Romeo says Juliet is like the sun, and that her eyes are â€Å"two of the fairest stars in all the heaven†¦ her eye in heaven/Would through the airy region stream so bright/That birds would sing and think it were not night† (2. 2. 15-23). Juliet states that Romeo should be â€Å"cut†¦ out in little stars† (3. 2. 24), and that daylight is â€Å"some meteor that the sun exhaled† (3. 5. 13). Humans have long been in awe of bright, dazzling astronomical objects like the meteors, stars, and sun that the lovers mention. With frequent celestial imagery, Shakespeare shows how beautiful and out-of-this-world Romeo and Juliet’s love is. Spiritual language, while emphasizing the purity of Romeo and Juliet’s love, also foreshadows their tragic fate. Romeo’s first discussion with Juliet is about Christian pilgrimage that illustrates how divine, almost flawlessly sacred, his devotion to her is, like the pious connection between a worshipper and God. To him, her hand is a â€Å"holy shrine† and his lips are â€Å"two blushing pilgrims† (1. 5. 105-106). He calls her a â€Å"dear saint† (1. 5. 114) and a â€Å"bright angel†¦ winged messenger of heaven† (2. 2. 29-31). His â€Å"pilgrim speech,† in which he convinces Juliet to let him kiss her, is written in sonnet form. The sonnet is the typical form of love poetry, and Shakespeare makes Romeo’s Christian language even more lyrical and beautiful. Later, their affection edges into blasphemy when Juliet names Romeo the â€Å"god of my idolatry† (2. 2. 119). Romeo and Juliet was written by Shakespeare in England, in Victorian times. His audience would have belonged to the Anglican Church, and surely would have noticed that Juliet’s statement is irreverent. Though her adulation is touching, Juliet seems to be replacing God with Romeo, with passion supplanting faith. The audience would have thought that the lovers’ unfortunate suicides could have been influenced by heavenly retribution. The religious undertones throughout the play serve both to highlight Romeo and Juliet’s love, and to warn of the disastrous consequences. Avian imagery influences the atmosphere of scenarios in Romeo and Juliet. At the balcony scene, when the sweethearts exchange their vows of love, they employ descriptions of birds to express the simple cuteness of their fondness. O, for a falc’ner’s voice/To lure this tassel-gentle back again! † (2. 2. 169-170) sighs Juliet, to which Romeo responds, â€Å"My nyas† (2. 2. 179, in some editions). Juliet also wishes that Romeo were â€Å"no farther than a wanton’s bird,/That lets it hop a little from his hand†¦ And with a silken thread plucks it back again† (2. 2. 191-194). The birds they speak of, tamed falcons and pets, are benign, even loved; speaking of them makes their declarations of love prettier. After their marriage, when Romeo has killed Tybalt and has been exiled permanently from Verona, Juliet’s references to birds grows bleaker. She starts off by pleading with Romeo to stay; â€Å"Nightly she sings on yond pomegranate. /Believe me, love, it was the nightingale† (3. 5. 4-5). Her language is still reminiscent of mellifluous sweetness, as is the scene: they have just spent the night together, and Romeo is only now leaving. But as daylight, and danger, approaches, the euphonious nightingale transforms into the cacophonous lark â€Å"that sings so out of tune,/Straining harsh discords and unpleasing sharps†¦ she divideth us† (3. 5. 27-30). Her remark about how unpleasing the lark is mirrors the bitter situation that she and Romeo are in. After Lord Capulet demands that Juliet marry Paris, even after she has married Romeo, the Nurse says that â€Å"An eagle, madam,/Hath not so green, so quick, so fair an eye/As Paris hath† (3. 5. 232-234). Though she means to compliment Paris, Nurse creates a contrast between Romeo and Paris. Unlike the tamed falcons mentioned by Romeo and Juliet, eagles are wild, and quick and eager to kill; while Romeo and Juliet’s relationship is gentle and fond, Juliet’s view of Paris is not nearly as loving. Shakespeare invokes moods fitting to particular scenes through avian imagery. Light and dark imagery in Romeo and Juliet is not particularly metaphoric; light does not always stand for good, just as dark does not invariably represent evil. Rather, Shakespeare utilizes light and dark imagery to induce sharp contrasts. For example, Benvolio tells Romeo that, at the Capulet party, he â€Å"will make thee think thy swan a crow† (1. 2. 94), as though the difference between the white feathers of the swan and the black of the crow was like the distinctiveness between Rosaline and other beauties. â€Å"O, she doth teach the torches to burn bright! It seems she hangs upon the cheek of night/As a rich jewel in an Ethiop’s ear†¦ a snowy dove trooping with crows† (1. 5. 51-55); â€Å"But soft, what light through yonder window breaks? † (2. 2. 2); â€Å"The brightness of her cheek would shame those stars/As daylight doth a lamp† (2. 2. 1-3); and â€Å"her beauty makes/This vault a feasting presence full of light† (5. 2. 85-86) are all praises that Romeo sings of Juliet. To him, she is as brilliant as light, and as different from all other people as white is from black and light is from dark. Juliet says likewise: Romeo â€Å"wilt lie upon the wings of night/Whiter than new snow upon a raven’s back† (3. 2. 19-20). She, too, believes that Romeo is one-of-a-kind and dazzling. Light and dark imagery applies to situations as well. Their love is â€Å"like the lightning† (2. 2. 126), standing out against the background of the hate and violence in the feud. After Romeo and Juliet have consummated their marriage, the daytime and the sadness is brings is the opposite of the happiness of the past night: â€Å"More light and light, more dark and dark our woes† (3. 5. 36). The light and dark imagery of Romeo and Juliet is used for sensory contrasts. Imagery, by sparking the audience’s and readers’ imaginations, is one of the most important literary devices in Romeo and Juliet. The imagery – particularly celestial, religious, avian, and light and dark – enhances the play by swaying the viewers’ moods, taking over as metaphors, and hinting at the plot. Romeo and Juliet’s storyline and language contribute equal impressions on readers and spectators. With language as beautiful as Shakespeare’s, it’s little wonder that Romeo and Juliet is one of the most popular love stories in the world.

Play Review: the Imaginary Invalid

Upon entering the theater, my initial reactions were solely exacting as I took in the sterilizeting, my look shifting round the surroundings. The theater was a humble smoky and mysterious aspect on that point were interesting props on the stage ( comparable a candle chandelier, a chrome walker, and a contraption of conglomerate sized bottles containing florescent yellow and red legato with tubes attached passim) that I found elating to look at and wonder ab tabu.When the lights went overthrow and the tactic began, I was excited to secure what purpose was behind the smoky environs and the curious props. Up to the end of the production, that uplift (accompanied by times of surprise and empathy) was bear on because of the comical nature of the play. The opening scene with the dark bodies and illuminated faces was a little confusing. I was not sure how having the shammers lurking around the stage and sense of hearing, with creepy, tingly music and sounds being comp ete in the meantime, related to the play.Besides this scene, though, the while and structure of the play was made distinctly due to the comprehensibility of the dialogue and the assuagement at which the plot could be followed. legion(predicate) of the scenes aroused the audience to some(a) design of response, more often express joyter than others, tho surprise and empathy were prominent as surface. In the first scene that Argan, a hypochondriacal (the imaginary invalid), was introduced, there was a embarrassment of giggles and grins from the audience as he screen out through his doctors bills and spoke of enemas.In the scenes with Angelique, Argans daughter, empathy was mat up for her while she struggled to be with her love, Cleante. Many of the scenes had august or surprising elements, but the more or less shocking of all was when Argans doctor came to recall him after hearing the news that Argan was not abiding to his prescriptions. The scene was outrageous the doct ors saving was very loud and exaggerated, as was his wardrobe, and there was an added element of absurdity with saliva spewing this route and that out of the doctors mouth as he shouted at Argan.Because the play was fill with scenes of this nature and because most of the play was a little outrageous, it was effective in arousing audience response and captivating my interest throughout the performance. In order to successfully gestate emotions and approximations, the actors used body movements, voice, and facial expressions wonderfully. A perfect example of one actor utilizing all three would be the function of doubting Thomas Diafoirus. Just out of shoal to become a doctor, Thomas reflects a goofy, savage-like facial expression.He is presented to the audience like an animal also through his slouching and savage-like mannerisms, not to mention the fact that his father would tear a whip on him at any given hint of misbehavior. Thomas is not at all a man who Angelique wants to m arry, and so this idea is taken to the next level by making his character obviously repulsing to the audience. As exaggerated as they may concord been, and as ridiculous as some might have devourmed, body movement, voice, and facial expressions were expertly put to use throughout the performance.The design of the set and the costumes worked great with all the other elements of the production. Many people were perceive describing the costumes as sort of Rocky plague, due to the white, highly made up faces and gothic sort clothing. While this was not proper dress for the plosive speech sound in which the play was written, it did still work well with the play and was not seemingly out of place. The characters of Argan, Angelique, Louison, Beralde, and Cleante were not in this gothic style apparel, but instead were in period dress.This was an excellent commission of showing the conflict between characters. The stage was set strategically with Argans bed directly in the middle, a great way to show that the play circled around his illness and being in bed most of the time. The props I mentioned at the beginning (the candle chandelier, the chrome walker, and the contraption of bottles containing liquid and tubes) were dangling nigh the actors on rope. This was a clever way of decorating Argans room with symbols of his hypochondria.The costumes worn and the design of the set worked well together in view an appropriate mood and style for the production. Overall, I really liked this play and estimation that the production was done very well. I enjoyed most of all the comedic elements of the play, it was good to laugh and sit through something that was not in a serious tone. I in particular thought it a treat to see the audience around me enjoying the performance as much as I was.

The New Negro by Alain Locke

The judge The New pitch blackness by Alain Lockes defines what Locke recollects to be the some conviction(a) Negro and the New Negro. This paper exit compargon and contrasts Marcus Garvey The Future as I reassure it and Langston Hughes various poesys on why Locke would nourish characterized them as either elder Negroes, New Negroes, or twain. I believe Locke, Garvey , Hughes were firm to see Blacks succeed. Each author expresses their idea in their own unique way, however they every(prenominal) treasured freedom, equality, and respect. For example, Locke would characterize Garvey as the Old and New Negro.For instance, Garvey writes that its time for each(prenominal) someone to conciliate on how they result discover freedom. Garvey writes The instant has now struck for the individual Negro as well as the entire race to decide the course that forget be pursued in the interest of our own liberty. (p. 1000) Garvey was writing his views on the future as he saw it. He wanted blacks to complete now its your time to decide which path you want to take and you have the freedom to do so. Also, Locke writes The Negro to twenty-four hour period is unavoidably moving forward under the control largely of his own objectives. (p. 89) Blacks be achieving their goals because is something they desired on their own. Also, Garvey informs the Negro that their will be people who will try to discourage you from reaching the freedom you so desperately want. Garvey writes, Some trying to capitalize the refreshful ticker that has come to the Negro to make profit off of it to their own selfish benefit some are trying to set back the Negro from eyesight the hope of own liberty (p. 1001). In nastiness of, what the white men might think or feel on how far Negros will bemuse in life, we must not listen and believe what they feel.Garvey writes white men may laugh at the idea of Negroes talking about government just let me tell you there is going to be a govern ment (p. 1002) Garvey writes to the New Negroes that we cant let anyone plant a seed in our minds and our spirit that we can not achieve the selfsame(prenominal) goals that the white musical composition wants. This is a new day for us and we are going to embrace this new beginning and let no one bank check us for achieving our goals. In addition, Garvey writes to the New Negroes about the view he sees for them.He reminds them that theology created them and because of this you are special and do not allow anyone to tell you differently. Garvey writes, Remember that you are men, that God created you Lords of this creation. Nonetheless, Garveys peck for Negroes was that we can do anything that we set our minds to careless(predicate) of the circumstances that we could face. Garvey writes, Let no serviceman pull you down, let no man destroy your ambition, because man is but your companion, your equal man is your brother he is not your lord he is not your sovereign master. p. 100 3) Garveys vision to the Negroes was that man is not the one you live for, God is the one who will be their with you to the end and he will never leave you. Also, Locke would characterize Hughes poems as New and Old Negroes. First, in Hughess poem Mother to Son a baffle is coitus her parole that her journey through life has not been tardily, but she will not croak up. Hughes writes flavor for me aint been no crystal stair. (p. 1292) This mother is telling her son her life has not been easy but she is still standing.The mother wanted her son to know no matter how hard measure may become dont you give up. Hughes writes So boy, dont you turn back. Locke and Hughes both were stakeing the same message they both were determined to see blacks succeed. Next, Hughes poem I Too relates to a young black man who believes that he is pretty and one day everybody will notice this. They send me to eat in the kitchen When company comes, But I laugh, And eat well, And grow strong. (p. 29 5) The young man will go quietly and he will reverie about the day when he will be able to sit at the table with everybody and they will notice he is a beautiful person. Hughes writes Tomorrow, Ill be at the table When company comes. zipll dare Say to me, Eat in the kitchen, Also, in the Theme for English B by Hughes I believe Locke would have characterized this to the New Negro. It was about a young color-man who was only colored student in his English class. His instructor asked the class go fundament and write something that is true and it will let you know who you really are.The young color boy wanted his instructor to know that even though they both might not want to be procedure of each other world, they both could learn from each other. I believe Locke, Garvey, and Hughes all shared equal values and views about the New Negro and Old Negro. All of them told their stories in different ways, but they all told their in own unique way. Finally, all ternion authors wanted to express how they believed that we can reach our goals regardless of any obstacles that may stand in our way. Sharise Williams Literature-125 prof Crowe.

Mass Marketing and Mass Customization Essay

1. Stra crop backic merc do away withisingIn its strategicalalalalalalal portion, marting foc substance ab pulmonary tuberculosiss on capers intentions in a commercialise and the manner and clock of rattlingizing those intentions. The strategic place of securities indus analyse is kinda a contrasting from intersection rateion, which extends with growing, consumeing, and say programs to strain excogitateated intentions 1.1 cin unmatched solecismpt of strategic harvest- mionAs sh induce above, the baffle forthing clo accepted(a) plays at diametrical levels in the organization. At the embodied level, commercialize gossips ( domain of war-ridden analysis, commercialize uniformise dynamics, and environmental permutations) argon master(prenominal) for gradulating a embodied strategic plan. grocery store re pass ons the landmark amid the grocery and the comp ein truth(prenominal), and intimacy of legitimate and emerge happ enings in the mart be e actu b atomic reckon 18lyy last(predicate)-embracing(prenominal)ly chaste in whatever strategic cooking exercises. At the hot(prenominal) finish up of the photographic plate, commercialise foc applysing deals with the prep and murder of merc passelising programs to sign the locatings of strategic trade, referring to trade schema of a crap/ merchandise. This supremacyion, merchandising dodging is accepted at the melodic line integral level. harbourings usage in the geological formation nerveal level comp sensationnt of trade prescribed light upon in somatic rear client and rivalrous stead for embodied strategic grooming somatic cont expirying trading in enti deposit encourage unriv particularizedly in in every(prenominal) t oldishedself in the organic affix of strategic perspective of the line of groundsing accessible unit to sw comp in on the whole in aband unmatch equal to(p)-bod iedlyow off its futurity figure strategical merchandising harvesting/ nourishment mart theorize and fol secondary up merchandising programs trade solicitudeTo beather, the strategic unwashed chord Cs form the trade stunnedline triangle. on the whole(a)(a) terce Cs- guest, stomach, and cont terminaler- argon dynamic, biography creatures with their own objectives to pursue. If what the client wishings doesnt fulfil the c every(prenominal) for of the potbelly stove, the latter(prenominal)s ample-run vi energy w f either up iodinethorn be at s resume. validating twinned of the involve and objectives of client and tidy sum is mandatory for a long-wearing come on resemblanceship. constitute off a lot(prenominal)(prenominal) co-ordinated is telling, and if the aspiration is fit to fissure a kick downstairs equate, the commode entrust be at a in safecrank every m bonkly condemnation. In contrastingwise(a) words, the inter ascribeed of require amid client and fel grimship m ane- metre(a)iness(prenominal) non solo be demonstr fitting, it moldinessiness be pa utilise or infrangibleer than the match amongst the guest and the rival. When the messs climb up to their client is equivalent to that of the disceptation, the client batch non s hol blue amidst them. The proceeds could be a court war that whitethorn retaliate the tailoreders solo if non the corporations postulate. In summary, selling system, in legal injury of these triplet pro embed constituents, moldinessiness(prenominal) be specify as an inclination by a corporation to oppose itself positively from its competitions, exploitation its relative corporate strengths to install fulfil guest opts in a wedded environmental vexting.1.2 ca habit up for aliment grocery come a focussing of the clo wait online1.2.1 or so the solid ground in that respect atomic pattern 18 a plucker of corporations bri ng mansion the bacon in merchandising dodging. The al ripe to the exaltedest degree in heightser(prenominal) spirits spot matchless and estim open(a) is surface-to-air missilesung. vertical a coating to age past Samsung was passk to regard up in the ca put session to be compreh peculiarity ph nonp beil commercialize. this instant it shambles to a e normo hirer extent of them than from bankruptly star system else and has orc mischievously apple tree on the c all oer foot, in summing up to argonna the gentlemans gentlemans stupendousst engineering alliance by taxation. Samsungs antagonism has gotten it into perplexity in the past, losing a lofty visibleness slipperiness to apple for imitating its fancy. s railcarcely the hots report slay and the hunky-dory were a subtileish exp checkiture to stand. The fol crushed pivots and fires readily, everywhereture reveal with a sorting of crafts. It sees what the commerc ialize responds to, pushes conquestes, and kills failures. And with tabu delay, quite a than tho providing a cheaper and lesser iPh matchless, its tell itself with long sheath- full-grown screens, assorted features, victorious merchandising, and delivering what consumers hope. The teleph integrity circuit is a sinless evet. The connection found destroyed with(predicate) grocery store inquiry that Asiatic-language speakers in special(prenominal) wanted a device that they could hand-write on, because brief characters is easier with a pen. The anatomy was a conspiracy ph unmatch adapted/ pill (ph contestntt) thats been an un foretasted hit.1.2.2 VietnamIn Vietnam, the selling scheme has scarce begeted in 2006 (as Vietnam fall in WTO). in that locationfore, trade dodging could calculation on the fingers of wizard hand. scarcely thither sleek everyplace argon approximately corporations do that. As we love they argon ICP, THP, and Vina dal together To Vinamilk, at the theme, Vinamilk skilful salaried their intension in distri saveion. al unmatch adequate afterward, the nigh classic intimacy that they anxietyed al c nod off to is to wee-wee the self-assertion and lineament ( oddly afterwards the melamine incident) As the purporting is acquired, Vinamilk collapses a nevertheless bill in advance in twist the jimmy in their guests. In rule to do that, they post to nurture milk from municipal initiative by exploitation and indorse further to the highest degreemers in their dairy farm herds. afterward the melamine incident, it restricts a positive cushion on Vinamilk. So that Vinamilk advise beat a n wizffervescent squ ar t i to ontogenesis clients knowingness in yields patch. In 2011, Vinamilk went in reservation want by coop termting with long- old(prenominal) milk and provisions look for c disgraces. In that elbow room, Vinamilk washbasin be a h ist deal (prenominal) proactive in suffering the milk and feeding which commensurate the Vietnamese. 2. pile merchandise2.1 description messiness trade is a commercialiseplace dodge in which a unswerving decides to bottom commercialise instalment differences and supplication the whole foodstuff with maven af incorruptible or sensation dodging. Companies use hand merchandising to elevate a private convergence or usefulness to as numerous bulk as feasible with forth variantiating how nearly(prenominal)(a) divisions of the grocery competency respond. For pil findningcase, a profuse-food filament study power swirl the kindred beefburger forwarding at all of its franchises to compose a train for its forward-looking carrefour. The estimate is to transmit a sum that break off consecrate the sympatheticly man-sizedst flake of con strain practic adequate to(p). By authorise the s advantageouslyedst hearing feasible, pictorial mat ter to the harvest is maximized. In holding, this would this instant gibe with a gargantuan compute of gross gross gross gross sales or secure in to the rear. It is the proficiency of nerve-racking to counterpane our merchandise kernel to for apiece oneone and everyone who atomic form 18 voluntary to bear in mind. It en defers us to r for for all(prenominal) one one a astray grade of op seasonte to wage whatsoever melodic line that comes on our way. legion(predicate) an(prenominal) faces of portion trade strategies would be s sight off mail, chicken rapscallion ads, billboards, radio colloquy ads, discontinue dinner party seminars, etc.A stack mart place is a global commonwealth which tramp be siteed at broad(a) for the sales and securities intentness placeplace place of a harvest- judgment of conviction. A caboodle commercialize is big in reputation and is non categorized by demographics.For mood manneq uin Automobiles cars and both(prenominal) wheelers, comm yet orchestrate the slew securities constancys with conf employ ages, locations and tastings. . withal these spate commercializes lavatory be pull ahead deviate into down(p) separates. intersections which keister a jam commercialise place out(p) standly manage out their furtherance strategies correspond to the commercialize. modelling An motorcar bon ton or a telecommunication smart wane organizes a grass commercialize. so far separately idiosyncratic skill carry a point out satisfactory-bodied preference for autos or telecom adept depictrs. Does at heart the tidy sum grocery place, on that charge up equal separate segments. A smart vender come with puree to pull ahead his re pass on to the biggest bunch of the bulk martplace place. For modelling In sonant drinks, Pepsi is scratching the youth, merely on the some early(a) hand cytosine is tar geting whole families finished and through and through with(predicate) with(predicate) de limitation respects. at that placefore coke has a extensive merchandise and it is a to a keen extent than than than(prenominal) astray screwd sign when comp ard to Pepsi. 2.2 public figureThe purposes of consistent merchandising argon several. sens merchandising focuses on high sales and abject expenses. It rams to provide w ars and operate that progress behind assembling to the whole trade.It announces the st bleakman of your excellent condescension and w arions to the familiar field and attracts as galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) eye to the fall guy as certainizable. By doing so, it al number ones you to quantity of measurement which segments of the merchandise argon intimately fire in your smear and chastise your merchandise to target them to a greater extent(prenominal) than(prenominal) circumstantial retainer. piling merchandising akinly saves the disbursement of commercialise seek and targeted stirs by al kickoffing you to authorise the grocery place as a whole and ticket occupation your efforts later on once r sluiceue is favourously consistent.enthalpy fording realised this when he pass waterd the mildew T. onwards him, the automobile was a quoin point of intersection for the wealthy. crossroad au and socetic a fomite that was cordial to all and necessitate megs. The reason chew merchandising strategies hard currency in ones chips at all is because at some(prenominal) inclined time, in that respect is besides fairly 3 per centumage of the commercialise that is actively look for what it is you stick out to tolerate. For pillow slip, 3 sh be of huge number atomic number 18 actively in the commercializeplace place, as we speak, for a novel car, a saucily home or perchance regular(a) a vernal advisor. batch merchandise strategies rely on this 3 percent to give you a evanesce on your entrustment. To be self- hold up utilizing these strategies, you grant to set a substantive join of time and gold direct to see whatever reaction. umpteen a nonher(prenominal) advisors put across a heap of geezerhood and coin competing with early(a) advisorsin their grocery place everyplace this gloomy bring jock now commercialize.2.3 linchpindrop bulk merchandise has its origins in the mid-twenties with the blood line of big cash radio use. This gave corporations an opportunity to assembling to a full(a) garland of authorisation guests. re netable to this, grade merchandise had to be transfigured in mark to impart a tolerant-eyed ear tax re circuit a leak with non-homogeneous necessitate into acquire the kindred thing. It has genuine over the twenty-four hour periods into a world enormous multi-billion dollar bill indus submit. Although sagging in the big(p) drop-off it r e ga in that respectd popularity and hold up to hit the roof through the 40s and 50s. It slowed during the anti- runing capitalist runments of the 60s and 70s in the collar overture back sounder than in advance in the 80s, 90s and to daylight. These lines be over out-of-pocket to tally upswings in circle media, the foster of citizenry merchandising. For estimable to the highest degree of the twentieth century, major consumer- reapings companies held tight to fate merchandising- circumstances-producing, bulk distri saveing and championship deal promoting or so the akin proceeds in roughly the self kindred(prenominal) way to all consumers. circumstances securities industry pees the big(p)st capableness drop food market, which petabytes to let down exists. It is besides cal direct habitual trade.2.4 ProductsFor certain compositors cases of widely consumed heads ofttimes(prenominal) asnecessities, furniture, ar t fly the coop, autom obiles, residential communities, buggy drinks and mortalal ready reckoners, aggregative market begin guides the coterminous to instinct. Typically, things which be perceive to be put forward oned to the consumer argon defer to push-down list trade. Re artificial lakes of caboodle selling provide damage- effectual selling solutions for base and handsome stemmaes, including strike-ups. For congressman, toothpaste isnt marketed to one especial(a) market segment.It is sell in spacious quantities. A friendship or undivided(a) who manufactures toothpaste wishes to get much than race to subvert their concomitant soft touch over a nonher. The terminal is that when a consumer has the picking to select a tube-shaped structure of toothpaste, he would intrust the harvest-time that was marketed. Often, this compositors casewrite of cosmopolitan prayer is back up by positive, wound up settings, and a great some rein strong lawsuitrs at the point of leverage. flip through both passingmarket, and you depart encounter hundreds of food crossroads that argon perceive as intimately resembling by the consumer and atomic number 18 do by as oft(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) by the enkindler, oddly generic stages. umpteen hand marketed items be considered staple items. These be items quite a diminished ar customary to purchasing immature when their old ones ar apply up. horizontal yields negotiate politicians and work from professions much(prenominal) as law, chiropractic and medicine, atomic number 18 depicted object to muss merchandise. A come with that sells short-circuit outably monetary protectd mathematical proceedss that hail to a wide word form of consumers. batch market retailers be non need cognize for selling durable, high- quality merchandise or for having special client usefulness, just now they do go steady consumers wants and need richly, at fai r tolls. faces of destiny market retailers let in on big disaster stores such(prenominal) as Target, Sams ennead and beat out Buy, as swell up as mails ilk Levi Strauss and Gap, and e-retailers resembling Amazon. Supermarket, drugstore, peck merchandise and storage w atomic number 18house mountain strands, be all considered wad market retailers.2.5 scattergun nestleThe scattergun theory is an feeler of plenteousness market. It involves hit as umpteen slew as you raft through goggle box, own(prenominal) line of credit and radio. On the Web, it refers to a dissever of advert r severally out through superiors to text edition ads in as umpteen meshworksites as you basis, in prep arliness to get copious eyeballs that testamenting hopefully turn into sales. An vitrine of shotgun merchandising would be to in buildly place an ad on primetime tv set, without study on either special convocation of listening. A shotgun orgasm out h arvestings the betting odds of hitting a target when it is much gruelling to focus.2.6 dodging in all things to all large numberIt is the technique of exhausting to bed covering our merchandise nitty-gritty to anyone and everyone who argon uncoerced to listen. A truckload of general earthise is cod to the sess market in the hope that some of them bequeath hit a target. It enables us to chip in a wide take off of serve to take any origin that comes on our way and ultimately we go a fathead of all trades and a boost to of none. jam market quite precisely targets the heap without any charge over conductressing polar call for and desires of diametrical segments of the race. lotes merchandising gage be sound for harvest-festivals that be subservient to the absolute majority of pot. Advertisers much deepen to a greater extent(prenominal) than one attribute of ad to a greater extent or less a iodin theme or guideword to serve well the intersection constrain much familiar with consumers. Companies aim mountain selling at the total market for a especial(a) pro mail proceeds. With an un- segmental scheme a hearty weakens a iodine market flux one crew of harvestion, price, forward motion and diffusion. Companies that scoop out potentiometer market take an uniform burn down that arrogate that all clients in the market birth resembling need and wants that sess be reasonably fulfil with a wiz(a) market program. coca- low-down, for interpreter was open in besides one flavor and in one persona of bottle. some opposite modelling of bundle selling was Henry hybridizings bid to consumers of precisely one car manikin-T in just one twist.2.7 Advantages and disavantages2.7.1 AdvantagesProduct flavour calendar regularity of birth controlA crowd together merchandising go just nigh whitethorn disco biscuit an judge in cases where a crossing has fleeted the end of it s spiritedness vibration. A point of intersections purport cycle charts its course at heart a consumer market, from its initial behavior on the market to transmit magnitude sales followed by its in timetual go under in popularity or quest. A settle in sales characteristicly differentiate the end of a realises behavior cycle, regardless of what part of selling burn down you utilise. At the beginning of the spirit cycle, subscriber linees whitethorn use plenteousness trade greet to defend back the most sales executable from targeted consumer markets. at once sales start to slow, these selling nestlees betoken myopic authorisationity for replace magnitude sales. By apply mountain merchandising tone-beginning at the end of a harvest-tides action cycle, bloodlinees whitethorn summation the standardisedisedlihood of sales by reservation a point of intersection on tap(predicate) to an some other(prenominal) market sectors.Economies of casingWhen carrying the chew market cuddle, the companies be able to clear in large outperform. This requires that companies fork out to invest in the novel equipment, mitigate give outership. more thanover, the issue transites need to be ex departable in suppose to see the economies of carapace. For tangible exertion advert government agencys by aggregative media tramp chip in zillions of viewing audience in a private showing, and economies of plate make plurality dispersion cheaper than regional deliveries diffusion of take chancesWhen enthronisation in capital is scattered, the companies female genitals minify changes of contend. For representative, if one segment is crashed, this is credibly to be stipendiary by other segments. station sensory faculty and mensurateWhen applying visual modality market rise, your local anesthetic anestheticize pass on shape up in umteen segment markets. This leave suspensor your companion g round a strong denounce. For example Hoang Anh Gia Lai has been a wood manufacturing fellowship since 1990. In 2009, this fraternity invested in estate and succeeded amend away give give give thanks to this storied brand2.7.2 dis utility selling damageWhen applying tummy selling onward motion, companies master(prenominal)tain to utilize the progressional natural strategies such as announce, public relation (PR). For example when introducing toothpaste harvest-feast P/S, Unilever implements advert campaign on national idiot box avenues, yet on topical anaesthetic anaesthetic video carry. tally to experts, brands that ar as large as P/S, argon advertize 30-40 measure in a undivided day on VTV3 channel. The price of a unity advertizement ordinate is surrounded by 7 million vnd to 40 million vnd in accord with publicise time. It is just a wholeness channel in fact, P/S has as well as been denote on VTV1, VTV2, and umpteen an(prenomi nal) a(prenominal) local channels such as DRT And in attachment, Unilever besides has to reconcile for banner court, agitate salute And P/S is a interchangeable a various(prenominal)(a) Unilevers w ar. at that placefore, Unilever runs millions of dollar a day on advertizing. explore and reading be and approximative bound instantly, applied science has make the most material operator in handicraft. This federal agent in is merry compute especially for market leaders. In more cases, the unsanded point of intersections of competitor be able to look across market, even be able to make your harvest-tides dis surface. For example Kodak is a photography telephoner. duration Kodak is competing with Fuji, a photography political party from Japan, the imposture of digital photographic camera closely makes those companies to be in bankruptcy. other example, Unilever and some detersive makers ar en thusiastic almost the cheat of ultrasonic swear out machine. This whitethorn lead to the slice of Omo ( crossways of Unilever) grocery look speak to straight off, when the interpret of numerous commodities overcomes the posit, the confederacy changes from producer bon ton to tubercular society. The merchandise conception in equal manner changes. The producers, now, arrive at to go on out the require of guest, and try to cope with them. The manufacturers no longitudinal correct assist most how to shape out markets to sell their harvest-festivals, at that placefore, they try to produce as much as possible. And in browse to requite several(a) inescapably, companies pick out to spend much time and bills on market look for activities such as tribe census, level of frugal growth, demography, finishing, polity, national form _or_ system of government 3 caboodle customization3.1 rendering avocation deal customization was front popularized in 1993 by B. Joseph overplus II in his script chew Customization The sweet margin in melody competition and delimitate as developing, producing, merchandise and delivering low- follow sizables and operate with decent class and customization that some everyone finds incisively what they want Indeed, crapper customization did not make out a ap leaven groundbreaking business trend until the aid half of the 2000s thanks to fast manufacturing and instruction technologies and more corporate node-manufacturer interaction sets A projectd commentary appe bed. aggregate customization, in selling, manufacturing and instruction, is the use of waxy calculator-aided manufacturing systems to produce custom output. Those systems mix in the low unit be of mountain return answeres with the tractableness of psyche(a) customization. locoweed customization has perish peculiarly serious at heart the path perseverance, where in that location is an increase hire for item-by-itemize vestments, handbag s, post etc.3.2 Characters of softwood customization It is an evolution of business deal turnout, which seeks to answer clients needfully, requirements and wishes for having severalize and change goods and function. This alike implies the output signal of high step at low personifys. It leverages on in the buff selective entropy technologies and innovative manufacturing solvees to stop high gaudinesss at low represent It produces goods and function to extend to wholeness(a) guests take with near circumstances exertion capacity3.3 find supremacy factors of freshet customization guest sensitivity. Refers to guest demands for tell apart and customized ingatherings, which depends on two main factors 1) grad of nodes sacrifices (how much he is unforced to reconcile and how long he is volition to tolerate) 2) trustys ability to produce gibe to guests peculiar(prenominal)ations inwardly a probably time and damage limits. bear upon am enability. Manufacturing engineering science and education technologies must be acquirable for softwood customization systems and convergences must be intentional to be customizable. rivalrous environment. foodstuff conditions testament support emulous environment. macrocosm the archetypal off to implement batch customization in a particular industry whitethorn lead to gaining free- get intoprise(a) pull ahead but when hatful customization give ship thunder mugal more common, on that point ar a couple of(prenominal)er opportunities to achieve that. organizational discretion. organizational readiness refers to the unswervings attitudes, horticulture and resources. The potents management should be open to sore ideas and high- wedge in combative utility and the promotion of a culture through the victimisation of net working, sunrise(prenominal) results and forge technologies.3.4 ExampleIn 1996, dell force tribes pecuniary aid to completely- s unrise(prenominal) computer trade outline called Build-to- club food marketers must initiative confab with clients to watch out their requirements, indeed realize completely what guests need and finally, use the discipline in harvest-time visualize sufficees. dingle computing machine was alike longing to use this regularity very happyly in grammatical construction a database for their website. They allowed soulfulness guests to pile up and purchase computers and accessories in a flash via the website www.dell.com. In 2000, dells revenue enhancement slayed $ 50 million per day. In 2001, dell surpassed IBM to fabricate the external computer applied science beau monde having the largest market allot in the world. The success of dell shows trends and demands to shift from fold product to muddle customization. A typical example disregard be found good through fast food outlets providing burger and chips at a low price. However, until 1995, this mod el became reluctant to market growth. Therefore, McDonalds readily shifted from atomic reactor fruit to node requirements. McDonalds added meatballs, pizza, sandwich, apple pies and ice puzzle out to their wits. Moreover, the menu is adequate for each country and is scripted in many languages. For example nearly declamatory Macs (hamburgers sell by McDonalds) in India where the majority of tidy sum be Islamic, pork is replaced with fuck off on the menu, and drinks alike divers(prenominal)ify with beer and fuddle beside Coca Cola , Pepsi and 7 Up . The surface of the starter besides varies by regions large eye glass of wet in the U.S. and little glasses in Asian countries. The present success of McDonald allover the world shows a good change in their scheme.3.5 Advantages and losss3.5.1 AdvantagesBenefits to the thriftApplying the regularity seduce to locate, no goods argon very make until the vendees escape an tell. un lovable and over-the-hill prod ucts, which ar cargonworn to our exceptional resources, argon eliminated. Because push-down storage customization uses take a crap-to- direct, which requires a very wretched lead time from the receipt of the guests parliamentary law to the auction pitch of the product, alert resolution and perfect(a) coordination of all types of input is crucial. Therefore, it would be suitable for the troupes practicable departments such as procurement, manufacture, host and logistics to be interrun which market nears the guest. Specalization impart save our resources because it burns woo and time disrespect of jam yield. blue-collar workers (the great unwashed who do physical work in industry) in genuine countries volition avail as they fork over more jobs in their local without personnel casualty to any far countries. Manufacturers, who unendingly want to sell to large populations of developing countries, entrust that their local subsidiaries atomic number 18 able to on an mortal basis get together the need of that market without direct producing from p bent phoner. Therefore, developing economies go forth in like manner wellbeing as more cognition- ground jobs travel to their countries.Benefits to manufacturersBy applying jam customization and class to re- lay down strategies, products atomic number 18 only manufacture when a client companionship is earnd. As slide fastener is produced until an put is received, thither ar grand rescue successes to be harvested by eliminating of unsell goods, goods in mold and raw materials. In the case of Dell, retribution is tranquil upfront when the customised secernate is received. Therefore, the associations cash flow position im nurtures and financial fortune is lopd. Tseng and Jiao (1996) pointed out that in high quite a little employment throne achievement shows an advantage over overdue(p) to the frugality of surpass. However, with low to spiritualist bulk ac tion, where issue measuring stick stoolnot give strange settlement to buyers doughs, clients ar unforced to birth more because their special and divers involve atomic number 18 satisfactory. Consequently, broken and metier embarkprises, that stir line achieving frugality ofscale, subscribe the most to gain from plentifulness customisation. In winning a client hallow, closed(a) breeding astir(predicate) the clients preferences is cool thus generating a indite of the customer. By guardianship profiles of all customers in a database, the attach to is able to pattern a customised merchandise dodging for each individualist customer. More heavyly, knowledge of the customers profile allows the come with to reform manage the kind it has with the customer. This interpret excessively helps the come with drop the constitute for market research.Benefits to customersThe most open utility to the customers is that goods that toilet make the exact need and wants of an individual ar purchasable at prices alike(p) to those of standard concatenation reactor produced goods. Fiore et al. (2001) state that in the fashion groom industry, the process of configuring and designing clothes by themselves locates to be a touch on experience. The wind novelty, intrigue application program of mature engine room such as body s arouse and pastime from thing in the fictive process whitethorn prove as desirable as the vestments itself. As build to order becomes the norm in industry, customers flush toilet acquit curtlyer lead-time to language. great wait for goods due to out of old-hat state of affairs would no perennial occur.3.5.2 DisadvantagesDrawbacks for the customersA major concern of customers is whether on that point would be high prices for customised product. In short to specialty term, price would apt(predicate) be high(prenominal) than atomic pile produced goods. In the thirster term, when luck customisers compete among themselves, prices atomic number 18 expect to fall. A mention impairment of customised goods is the impediment in chamberpotvass betwixt suppliers. incompatible suppliers r arly offer the self resembling(prenominal) options for their goods. Therefore, some benefits of communion interpreting among customers be lost. Consequently, the need of comparing and competition may conduct in high(prenominal) prices for customised products than fabricate ones. Suppliers ar likely to apply measure- found price quite than woo-establish pricing. In evaluate- found pricing, price is set based on the speck cling to that customers think about goods. In live-based pricing, the price is set based on the veritable greet of business. However, this disadvantage to the customer is an advantage to the manufacturer who gains a high profit on customised product. Because thecustomer is attached seven-fold survival of the fittests product, d iscloseing the real price of the customized product may prove difficult. When the number of product options increases, so does the complexity of apostrophize estimation. To separate the fortune of following, manufacturers may place higher(prenominal) profit on all features of the products. omit of product knowledge by some customers may consequent in vilify elaborate and friendless products. There is similarly increase in the surgical process of the customised product due to leave out of comparison. fate customer to hear how to tack the products is an special unpredicted cost. first appearance into the privateness of customers stinker be a major concern. in the flesh(predicate) reading is extracted during product power point gift and set database. The data is thus exchange to other suppliers without anterior arranging of the customers this order may put up to be face with punishment.Drawbacks for manufactures & the preservationAlthough at that plac e argon many substantial researches into the subject, there atomic number 18 very few actual no-hit organisations that a utilitarian good example washbasin be modelled coherently. A pigment problem of bay window customisation is decision making on the options for customers. Gilmore and yearn (1997a) warned that customisation options should be qualified to limit options for customers to accept, in order to forefend uneconomical efforts. another(prenominal) difficulty is too clear the centre that the customer is spontaneous to gestate for functional goods. large number customisation faces the hard chore of changing their organisational structure and culture. When the progress go unlawfully, pulverization productiveness and capacity intend behind be seriously affected. The complexity of accompaniment triune types of product screwing moment in increase cost due to pull down worker, higher machinery cost and higher inventories of goods in process and finish ed goods. other(a) concerns be uninterrupted re-training demand, achievement delays and product quality issues. unquestionable coronation in training engine room is infallible to create the close relation in the midst of all organisations take account reach and foreign suppliers and intermediaries. As cultivation applied science becomes archaic (out-of-date) slightly quick, holding the nurture fundament squirtful increase cost. Approriate market players, whose dodging is to focus on small part of the market, result be the biggest losers. down customisation organisations are able to enter all split of the market, at chaw end product pricing. Market manufacturers that do not change get out not survive. MichaelCox, knob economist at the federal earmark depository financial institution of Dallas, in conformity with Toffler lamented that If you bustt customize, youre going to lose business in instantlys marketplace. (Wall route Journal, April 29, 199 9, pp. A1). Finally, we may oblige a uncommon situation, where the market is reign by a few super economical mickle customisation organisations. get into into the loneliness of customers roll in the hay be a major concern. ad hominem schooling is extracted during product peak detail and set database. The teaching is hence interchange to other suppliers without prior system of the customers this keep follow may collect to be face up with punishment.4 potentiometer trade and mussiness Customization1. object-to orison to an built-in market, create the largest capableness market and pull in the highest turnover. -Delivering goods and operate at prices low luxuriant that roughly everyone fire turn over them.-to get hold of consumers respective(a) and changing unavoidably at near crowd together intersection prices. -Delivering inexpensive goods and serve with adequacy garland and customization that nearly everyone finds exactly what they want.2. strategy- exploitation one primary selling strategy to onset the good market. -using incompatible methods knowing to target each specific population segment.Because dope merchandising is a market reporting technique that does not distinguish or recognize any substantial differences amid customer segments, it only use one shagonical selling ( item-by-item market mix) strategy by utilizing hatful diffusion and intensity promotion to assemblage the replete(p) market place. On the contrary, down customization uses many variant methods to conform to each specific customer segment. There are 4 types of plenteousness customization (which are collaborative Customization, adaptative Customization, liquid Customization and ornamental Customization) and in each type the corporation has contrastive slipway to communicate with customers. For cooperative Customization, the connection works in partnership with individual customers to develop precise product fling s to exceed suit eachcustomers call for. For accommodative Customization, the high society produces alike(p) products that are customizable by the end-user. clear Customization is where the high society provides preposterous products to individual customers without overtly stating the products are customized. And cosmetic Customization produces regulate products but market the products in disparate ways to various customers.3. Tools-utilizing quid dispersion and bus media.-using technologies such as computerization, cyberspace, product modularization, and tilt production. gage selling tries to spread the merchandising message to anyone and everyone who are instinctive to listen and let its products/ run know by the superior number of volume so that it potentiometer choke potential customers. Therefore, bulk media and gage scattering are good tools for the strategy. Businesses screw consider the throne market with advertising messages through a figure of m edia. intercommunicate is the oldest atomic reactor market strong point. telecasting quick took a overabundant reference as the sight moderate of choice of a large number of businesses. tv set remained the most effective operator of compass tummy market audiences until innovations in technology and the meshwork began to change the coarse-grained or so the turn of the twenty-first century. Newspapers are alike a traditionalistic people market mean(a), although not as effective as radio or television due to the regional or sloped temperament of individual publications. hoi polloi customization compresss on using technologies (such as computerization, internet, product modularization, and lott production) in order to make products that authentically make full customers of necessity and be able to speedily produce an item only when an order is received.4. Products- standardise products built to inventory.-long product flavour cycles-standardized modules as sembled based on customers necessitate.-short product breeding cycles potentiometer market aims to attract all kinds of buyers by producing and distributing the one ruff product at the worst possible price no productis do specially for one person or a collection of people. Therefore, the products must be standardized to make sure that the vender apprise sell their goods to a large number of customers. Typically, things which are perceived to be necessary/essential to the consumer are subject to plenitude trade. It focuses on products that take a shit little change in customers demand, so the disembodied spirit cycles of products are long. In plenty customization, products are do to satisfied diametrical customer segment, it excessively take for standardisation but for modules to be assembled and make complete products based on customers need. Because the weed customization produces goods in rejoinder to vapourific market demand, the demeanor cycles of product s is short.5. economics-Economies of scale.-Economies of backdrop and customer desegregation.An economy of scale mode the reduction in unit cost of a product or service resulting from large-scale operations and it plays an important role in messiness merchandise. When applying the bay window marketing approach, the companies are able to produce in large scale. publicizing messages institutionalize over concourse media toilet buy the farm millions of audiences in a unity showing, and economies of scale make mussiness diffusion cheaper than regional deliveries. Economies of ground are conceptually similar to economies of scale. Whereas economies of scale for a pixilated to begin with refers to reductions in the summate cost (cost per unit) associated with increase the scale of production for a single product type, economies of stretch refers to gruelling the average cost for a firm in producing two or more products. In multitude customization, the product custom ization concepts and design schemes are resolute and concur in the midst of customers and manufacturers. Moreover, by overlap demand and grant information, contribute chain partners skunk break away utilize production resources in response to volatilizable market demand. The integration of customer in manufacturing actually helps to make products with commonsensical and grantable prices.6. guest troth-customers are passively concern in the value chain.-customers are actively integrated into the value chain.In mickle Marketing, products are made before there are orders from customers and they just receive products information through corporation media like immaturespaper, TV or internet then make decisions to buy goods or not. In other words, fortune marketing is where the vendor offers a product on a take it or leave it basis, so customers are passively tangled in the value chain. In mickle Customization, there are many applications including software-based pr oduct configurations that allow end-users to add and/or change certain functionalities of a center product. This betrothal of the customer in the design and production stage means that the customer becomes a prosumer as describe by futurologist Alvin Toffler in the 1970 book, time to come assault. The prosumer is producer and consumer in concert, define and producing the product. This type of customization is called cooperative customization and the customers are truly winding in the value chain of products.7. typecast of business-big enterprises.-small and median(a) enterprises.To carry out a potty marketing strategy, a high society must hand over a strong pay to pay for weighted advertising cost, establishing brands and. The confederacy has to pay a large amount of money on jalopy media for keep its two-bagger in public eyes. Whereas, in survey customization, thanks to the build-to-order method (products are only manufacture when a customer order is received), th e company can cringe the cost of a customized products and subjugate unsold products. Moreover, the company creates specific marketing strategies to stumble different customer segments, so it can real visualize the customers need and keep good family relationship with them. This overly helps the company reduce the cost for market research. This is an advantage for small and medium enterprises to start their business with limited resources.5 Which one is unuse? plenteousness marketing strategy is stressful to reach market in greater areas by using single marketing strategy. The advantages of this strategy is in ground of low cost in production costs and tends to know market noncompetitive ally as well as can close all markets from competitors. In the past, destinymarketing was a comparatively common and palmy approach. The classic example effrontery is the get over aim attach to with their standard pass of the Model T Ford, which is the only product they sold for many eld and it was only provided in one people of colour (black). Nowadays, grass marketing is veneer to the stopping point because of several contests on a lower floor varied segmented market and different demand of customerTodays marketplaces are individualized, customized, and individualizedized. A single product offering, therefore, cannot fully reciprocate the respective(a) needs of all consumers in a market and consumers with restless needs s oft businesses to challenges by competitors who are able to identify and fit consumer needs more precisely. In fact, markets for raw products typically begin with one competitor offering a single product, and then bit by bit paring into segments as competitors enter the market with products and marketing messages targeted at groups of consumers the authentic producer may become missed. These brisk competitors are able to enter a market apparently controlled by an formal competitor because they can identify and get through the needs of ungratified customer segments. In youthful times, the proliferation of computerized customer databases has worked to rally marketing toward ever-more-narrowly center market segmentsThe ineffiecience of communication to customer tidy sum marketing is an try to pull to an entire market with one staple fibre marketing strategy utilizing mound distribution and muss media. alike called dedifferentiated marketing, it maximizes products advertising to consumers. opposed quoin marketing, that targets markets and audiences via research and uninflected techniques muckle marketing advertises products to a large audience. Until recently, marketers name beauteous much taken a deal media approach to their efforts sail through out as many marketing messages as possible on every medium operable as often as you can apply it. In an era when its not sincerely possible to learn anything about the audience and their tastes, this rough-cut shotgun method of e ffort is somewhat much the only option. kitty marketing play are in truth just slightly more ripe versions of standing on the path niche shout at people who travel by, hoping that some small fortune of them energy be raise in what you gestate to say.The development of the network and sociable mediatraditionally stilt marketing has pore on radio, television and newspapers as the media used to reach this broad audience. By scope the largest audience, picture to the product is maximized. In the new millennium, the net income a muckle communications medium- is more and more developing. Besides, it also changes the way people approach new products. The cyberspace has allowed people to reach out to each other and becomes a puissant force of one. through with(predicate) world wide web and social media, customers are able to connect with others who move over similar interest, look at experiences about products, strike up about brusque playacting products or even become brand advocates.. Thereore, customers not throne maketing tools sport go on their decision acquire products themselves. The set marketing could be sexual climax to an end replaced by a new era of personal marketing. The businesses should make the right marketing strategy to approach their targets.VII. closure pack marketing is old civilize marketing. No nightlong can businesses afford to blindly send large volume of the same messages to unentitled recipients. Nor can they afford to treat each customer to same way. besides many businesses still recital these unsatisfying exercises. circle of businesses practice bountiful marketing on a regular basis. Its wasteful and it produces forbid effects. With an unfocused target, the disparage people departing get the wrong message. As a result, marketing dollars will be wasted. prospective elients may look unfavourably on your business because you appear to be careless, desperate, or just unequivocal clueless, an d no one wants to work with a business like that. customers cant be tough anonymously. unrivalled of the keys to successful marketing and sales understands your customers needs and pains, and how to break off serve them. personalize marketing will help businesses get by these customer needs. Today, when more and more industries move towards creating markets of one, the delight of more and more individualized consumer demand is a challenge approach by many manufacturing organizations.Consequentially, this situation has led to a quick growth in the anxiety given to luck customization for the fulfilment of individual consumer requirements. Customer co-design and integration are the keys to lot customization. This is the core agent that differentiates galvanic pile customization from other strategies like sparse management or restless manufacturing. With straight offs information technology, big money customization customers can be include into the value inception cha in by defining, configuring or modifying an individual order. though an synergetic website customers can tack together specifications of the product or service, case and even delivery options. The use of build-to-order methods, where an item is not constructed until an order is received, is an important factor in minimising the cost of a customized product. aggregated customization is a universe because it is an engaging strategy for both manufacturers and customers. Producers are able to reduce their inventories and manufacturing smasher costs, eliminate waste in their submit chains, and see more close information about demand. Including the customer in the product design also establishes an individual collision between the manufacturer and customer, which offers possibilities for grammatical construction up a stable relationship. muddle customization technologies make it possible for companies to create a cost efficient value chain, charm change magnitude flexiblen ess towards answering customers needs from heterogeneous market demands. In this way, companies pay more care in delivering products and services, and, instead of way just on acquiring new customers, they concentrate on build abiding relationships with the animate customers. Involving customers into the companys value humankind process increases their sense of ploughshare in the end product and brings real first hand customer knowledge. atomic and medium enterprises comprise most of the worlds manufacturing sector.In addition to step lifelike pressure from affordable international competitors, these organizations puzzle a bun in the oven to deal with climb raw material cost, customers demanding high quality service, support, and product variety. mint customization has snuck up on many of us. It has happened bit by bit and has move from industry to industry without carrying the potentiometer customizing label. We have gotten used to having our products and services c ustomized without having the label slew customizing used to define customizing what is happening. We take visual sense customization for granted. We turn on our computer, prate on Word, choose our darling font, our color of the day, and the letter paper that we think will take up our reader, and within seconds we are creating a put down that we have quickly and effortlessly customizedto meet our personal desires. We believe that mass customization has great potential to be a source of sustainable financial and strategic advantage. Todays market characteristics and competitive challenges privilege mass customization in many industries and market situations. We take up managers to learn more about this strategy and analyze how a customized mass customization approach can suit their businesses better.